Books by Dave Armstrong: "Cardinal Newman: Q & A in Theology, Church History, and Conversion"

 Completed on 24 May 2015 and published at Lulu on the same day. 367 pages.

[cover design by Dave Armstrong]

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Miscellaneous

Cardinal Newman's Conversion Odyssey, in His Own Words (September 1839 to December 1845)
[list compiled from two of my Newman quotations books] [19 March 2015]

Facebook Excerpts

On the "Argument from Longing" [10 May 1828]

On the "Rule of Secrecy" ("Disciplina Arcani") and Development of Doctrine [26 Jan. 1834]

On How the Indwelling Holy Spirit Works in Us [29 Jan. 1835]

Prayer for the Dead is as Well-Attested in the Early Church as the Canon of Scripture [16 May 1838]

No Fundamental Difference Between Written and Oral Tradition [23 May 1838]

On the Definition of Grace [22 Jan. 1841]

On What Usually Persuades People of Christianity [Feb. 1841]

Cardinal Newman's Conversion Agonies: Jan. 1842 to Feb. 1844 

On Arian, Monophysite, and Donatist Analogies to Via Media Anglicanism [April 1844]

Still-Anglican Newman on Papal Supremacy in the Early Church  [19 May 1844]

On Pope Gregory the Great's Supposed Denial of Universal Papal Jurisdiction [ 5 Nov. 1849]

On the Falsity of Sola Scriptura [26 Feb. 1850]

On How Departed Saints Can be Aware of Earthly Events [8 March 1853]

On the Supposed Necessity of Infallible Proofs for an Infallible Church [24 April 1858]

Newman Virtually Predicts Vatican II (and a Greater Role for the Laity) in 1859 [17 July 1859]

On Biblical and Traditional Evidences for Mary's Immaculate Conception [30 May 1860]

On Invincible Ignorance and the Salvation of Protestants [4 Sep. 1862]

On the Possible Salvation of Protestants [7 Feb. 1864]

On Folks Who Pretend that Mere Theological Opinions Are Dogmas [10 March 1864]

Wonderful Argument on How we Know that Biblical Eucharistic Language is Literal [24 Aug. 1864]

On Much that is "Good and True" in Protestantism [18 Sep. 1864]

On the Importance of Catholic Laity  [30 Nov. and 2 Dec. 1864]

On the Communion of Saints and Veneration of the Saints [2 Oct. 1865]

On the Invocation of Mary [29 March 1866]

On Papal Infallibility in March 1867 [23 March 1867]

Newman's Rebuke of William G. Ward as an Exponent of a Renewed Novatian, Quasi-Schismatic, Rigorist Attitude [9 May 1867]

On Darwin and Theistic Evolution [22 May 1868]

On the One, True Visible Church [25 Jan. 1870]

On Whether Laymen Have to Interpret and Apply Church Proclamations [30 March 1870]

On Whether Pope Gregory XIII Gave Assent to the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre [9 Sep. 1872]

On the Nature of Papal Infallibility [17 Sep. 1872]

On the Intolerance and Cramped Thinking of Atheism and Skepticism [11 Jan. 1873]

Table of Contents

Dedication 

Introduction [read online]

Bibliographical Sources

I. Apologetics

What Are Some Basic Guidelines in Defending Our Faith?.......25

Is Apologetics Only for Non-Catholics or Non-Christians?.......26

Should Laymen Have a Working Knowledge of Apologetics?...26

How is Faith Related to Apologetic Inquiry?..............................29

How is Grace Related to Apologetics and Rational Argument?.30

Is Logical Demonstration All There is to Apologetics?..............30

How Are Faith and Reason Related?...........................................30

Is Apologetics the Same as Proselytyzing?.................................33

Is “Controversy” in Apologetics a Good Thing?........................34

Should a Person Exercise Faith if Still Plagued by Difficulties?

Should we Avoid Ad Hominem Attacks in Argument?................36
What is the Reward of Apologetics?...........................................37

Should we Know People Before Trying to Persuade Them?......37

Does Proclaiming Theological Truth Offend Some People?......37

Are There Times When Trying to Argue with People is Futile?.37

Does the “Argument from Longing” Suggest that Heaven Exists?

How Can we Communicate Catholic Truths to Protestants?......38

II. Philosophy of Religion

How Important is Philosophy of Religion?.................................41

What is “Philosophical Theology”?............................................41

What is “Certitude” or Faith Held in “Certainty”?.....................41

Does Certainty Derive from Demonstration or Probabilities?...42

How Compelling is Cumulative Evidence?................................45

Does Conscience Surpass Intellect as a Way to God?.................48

Is Reasoning Key in Arriving at First Premises and Axioms?....48

Is the Epistemology of Religion Primarily Subjective?..............49

Must Christianity Necessarily be Proven, to be Rationally Held?

How Do Most Intellectuals Regard Natural Law?......................50

What is the Moral Law?..............................................................51

What is Rationalism and its Fundamental Deficiency?..............51

How Are People Usually Convinced of Christian Truths?.........52

What is the Essence of Religion?................................................53

What is the Relation of Faith to Culture?....................................54

Do Catholics Love the Philosophy of Plato and Socrates?.........54

How Strong is the Teleological (Design) Argument for God?....54

Does the Argument from Final Causes Prove God's Existence?.55

III. Church History

Are the Church Fathers Closer to Catholicism or Protestantism?

Does Christian Truth or Dogma Change Over Time?.................59

How Should Catholics View John Wycliffe?..............................59

Was the Protestant “Reformation” a Praiseworthy Thing?.........60

How Has Lutheranism Evolved?................................................60

Is Church History Fatal to Protestantism?..................................61

IV. Development of Doctrine

What is the Development of Doctrine?.......................................63

What is the Rule of Secrecy, or “Disciplina Arcani”?................69

Does Development of Doctrine Tend to Lead One to Rome?....71

How Did Newman Regard His 1845 Essay on Development?...71

V. Anglicanism

Do Anglicans Regard Themselves as a Species of Protestantism?

Are the 39 Articles “Protestant” in Nature?................................73

What is the Status of Anglican “Apostolic Succession”?...........74

What Was the State of Anglicanism in 1835?.............................75

Was Anglicanism Flourishing in 1839-40?.................................75

Has Anglicanism Unnecessarily Discarded Catholic Elements?

Did Newman Agonize Over Anglican Difficulties in 1840-1845?

What Did Newman Think of Anglicanism After 1845?..............86

Are Anglican Orders Valid?........................................................88

VI. Conversion (to Catholicism)

What Was Newman's View of the Catholic Church in 1834?.....89

How Far Was Newman from the Catholic Church in 1837?.......90

Were High Church Anglicans in 1839-40 Enticed to Catholicism?

What Was the Initial Troubling Blow to Newman's Anglicanism?

Was it “Thinkable” for Newman in 1839 to One Day Convert?.92

What Was Newman's View About Conversion in 1841-1845?...93

How Did Newman View His Conversion After 1845?.............110

Do Converts Sometimes Become Obnoxious and Lack Humility?

Does God Provide Overwhelming Assurance to Converts?.....119

Should One Convert Quickly?..................................................120

Should a Person Convert Merely to Alleviate Persisting Doubts?

Do Converts Typically Have Last-Minute Jitters and Qualms?

Are Non-Catholics Sometimes Cynical About Catholic Converts?

Do Protestants Hope that Famous Catholic Converts Will Return?

Can we Know Who is Likely to Convert to Catholicism?........122
Does God Use Curiosity to Bring in Converts?........................123

Must Converts Get Used to Catholic “Strangeness” at First?...123

VII. Lay Participation

Do Laymen Have an Important Role to Play in the Church?....125

Do Popes Consult Laypeople Regarding Dogmatic Definitions?

Do Laymen Have to Interpret and Apply Church Proclamations?

Was Newman's Thinking on the Laity Vindicated in Vatican II?

VIII. Bible, Tradition, and Authority

How Fundamental is Revelation to Religious Truth?...............131

Does Revelation Tend to be Unpredictable By its Very Nature?

What is the Relationship Between Revelation and Faith?........132

Does Revelation Have Rational Evidences in its Favor?..........133

Can we Expect to Understand Revelation?...............................133

How Do we Come to Best Understand Scripture?....................133

Are Church and Tradition Necessary to Understand the Bible?

Is the Canon of Scripture Based on Tradition Only?................136

Are the Five Books of Moses (Pentateuch) of Late Origin?.....137

Is There a Method to Proper Bible Interpretation?...................137

Are Catholics Allowed to Interpret the Bible on Their Own?..137

How Are the Church Fathers Related to Bible Interpretation?.138

Does the Church Authoritatively Interpret Apostolic Tradition?

Is the Biblical Canon a Difficulty for Protestantism?...............139

Why is Tobit Considered Scripture by the Catholic Church?...140

What is the “Rule of Faith”?.....................................................140

Is Sola Scriptura (“Scripture Alone”) a True Principle?...........141

Does Prior Bias Influence Scriptural Interpretation?................142

Should we Memorize Scripture?...............................................142

In What Sense is the Authority of Scripture Supreme?.............143

Is the Bible Materially Sufficient for Salvation?......................143

Is the Bible Formally Sufficient for Salvation?........................143

Is the Bible Inspired?.................................................................144

Can the Bible Possibly Have Numerical Errors?......................144

Can Biblical Manuscripts Possibly Contain Error?..................144

What is Oral Tradition?.............................................................145

Does the New Testament Preclude Oral Tradition?..................145

Is Oral Tradition Superior to Written Tradition?.......................146

Are Oral and Written Tradition Fundamentally Different?.......146

How Should we Regard Extrabiblical Tradition?.....................147

What is the Relation of Tradition to Church Authority?...........147

What are Creeds?......................................................................148

How Sure is the Deposit of Faith?............................................148

Did the Jews Pass Down the Notion of Tradition to Christians?

Were the Apostles Ignorant of Tradition Until Pentecost?........149

Can One Possibly be Saved by Conscience Without Revelation?

Is Conscience an Autonomous Authority?................................149

What is Heresy and How Should it be Viewed?.......................150

IX. Doctrine of the Church (Ecclesiology)

Is There Such a Thing as One Visible, Institutional Church?...153

Is the Church Infallible in Her Dogmas?..................................156

How is an Infallible Church Similar to a Prophet?...................160

Is Infallible Proof Required to Accept an Infallible Church?...161

Must we Believe All Dogmas that the Church Teaches?..........164

What Are Catholics Free to Not Believe?.................................166

Can we be Absolutely Certain of Church Doctrines?...............167

What is the Difference Between Doctrines and Articles of Faith?

Are Dogmas and Theological Opinions Two Different Things?

How Authoritative are Ecumenical Councils?..........................169

What is the Relation of Popes to Ecumenical Councils?..........171

Is the Church Indefectible?.......................................................171

How Did Church Government Originate?................................172

Does the Church Extend Back to Apostolic Times?.................173

What is Apostolic Succession?..................................................173

Is the Catholic Church Our Authoritative (Orthodox) Guide?..173

Is the Catholic Church Universal?............................................177

Is There Salvation Outside the Catholic Church?.....................178

What are the Shortfalls of Contradictory Religious Opinions?.180

Is Schism a Bad Thing?.............................................................180

Who Tends to Jettison Orthodoxy in Order to Foster “Unity”?

How Shall we Regard Denominationalism and Sectarianism?.181

What is Rigorism or an Overly Dogmatic Catholic Outlook?..182

Should the Presence of Sinners in the Church Alarm Us?........185

Does the Bible Teach the Concept of Excommunication?........187

Is Excommunication a “Spiritual” Thing?................................189
Is Christianity Difficult and a “Narrow Way”?.........................189

What is the Principle of Unity in the Church?..........................189

Is Ordination of Priests or Pastors Necessary?..........................189

Must Bishops Always be Obeyed?............................................190

What is the Nature of a Bishop's Authority?.............................190

Are Bishops the Primary Authorities in Their Own Domains?.191

Did Newman Think that Vatican II Would Clarify Vatican I?..191

X. The Papacy / Papal Supremacy and Infallibility

How Powerful Was the Pope in the 5th Century?.....................193
Does the Pope Have Supreme Authority in the Church?..........193

Does the Pope Possess the Gift of Infallibility?........................197

What Historical Evidence Suggests Belief in Papal Infallibility?

What are the Limits and Parameters of Papal Infallibility?......217

Are Papal Encyclicals Infallible in Their Entirety?..................220

Should Popes Normally be Obeyed, Infallible or Not?............220

Did Pope Gregory the Great Deny Universal Papal Jurisdiction?

Have Popes Properly Been Disagreed With?............................221

What Are we to Make of the “Bad Popes”?..............................222

Did Pope Gregory XIII Give Assent to a Massacre?................223

Can Popes Personally be Heretics?...........................................224

Does the Pope Honorius “Scandal” Disprove Papal Supremacy?

Does Pope Liberius' Failure Disprove Papal Infallibility?........227

What Was Newman's Personal Opinion of Blessed Pope Pius IX?

Does 1 Clement Confirm Papal Supremacy in Apostolic Times?

XI. Theology of Salvation (Soteriology)

What is Grace?..........................................................................231

How Powerful is Grace to Transform Men?.............................232

Is Grace Required for Salvation?..............................................233

What Does it Mean to Be in a “State of Grace”?......................233

Is Grace Given in Different Measure to Different Men?..........233

What is Apostasy, or Falling from Grace?................................234

Are we Saved by Verbal or Creedal Professions Only?............234 

What is Faith and Where Does it Come From?........................235

What is the Gospel?..................................................................237

How Do we Prove that we Have a Genuine Faith?...................238

What are the Fruits and Objects of Faith?.................................238

What is “Fiducial Faith” or “Faith in Faith”?...........................239

Will Faith be Tried and Tested?.................................................239

Can we Obtain Absolute Assurance of Salvation?....................239

Can we Know Someone Else's Eternal Destiny?......................240

How Can we Discern Another Man's Spiritual State?..............241

How Shall we Approach the Doctrine of Predestination?.........241

How Important are Good Works According to Scripture?........243

Are we Saved by Works?..........................................................243

What is Merit?...........................................................................243

What is Infused Justification?...................................................243

What is the Relationship of Justification to the Sacraments?...244

Is Sanctification a Difficult, Lengthy Process?.........................244

Does Sanctification or Holiness Admit of Degrees?.................245

How Close is Anglican Justification to St. Robert Bellarmine's?

How Should Evangelists Approach Dying Persons?................245

What is Antinomianism, or “Cheap Grace”?............................246

Is Preaching a Primary Instrument of Saving Faith?................246

What is the Goal of Preaching?................................................247

What Will Judgment Day be Like?...........................................247

What is Original Sin?................................................................247

What are the Consequences of Sin?..........................................249

Does Sin (or Rebellion) Have Degrees of Willfulness?............249

Can we Sin in Ignorance?..........................................................249

What are the Conditions for Mortal Sin?..................................249

What is Invincible Ignorance in Relation to Final Salvation?..249

XII. Jesus Christ (Christology)

Can we be Certain of the Divinity (Godhood) of Jesus?...........253

How Central is “Christ Crucified” in Christianity?..................253

Was the Incarnation Strictly Necessary?...................................253
How Are Christ's Two Natures Explained?...............................254

How Shall we View the Atonement or Propitiation of Christ?.254

Was Jesus Omniscient (All-Knowing)?....................................255

Was Jesus Subjected to Concupiscence?...................................256

Can God Suffer?........................................................................256

XIII. God the Father (Theology Proper)

Is God Self-Existent and Self-Sufficient?.................................259

How Much Does God Love Us?...............................................259

How Shall we Regard God's “Superintendence”?....................261

How Should we Conceive of God's Will?.................................261

What is God's Providence?........................................................261

Is Discerning God's Providence Difficult?................................262

Are Images of God the Father Permissible?..............................262

XIV. The Holy Spirit (Pneumatology) and Trinitarianism

How Can we Conceptualize the Mystery of the Holy Trinity?.263

Is Faith in the Holy Trinity Necessary for Salvation?...............264

How Does the Indwelling Holy Spirit Work in Us?..................264

How Does the Holy Spirit Interact with Christians?.................265

Is the Unitarian Rejection of Trinitarianism Based on Scripture?

What is Circumincession or Perichoresis?................................266

What is “Divine Nature” or “Divinity”?...................................266

XV. The Blessed Virgin Mary (Mariology)

Does Mary Intercede for us in a Special Way?.........................269

Should we Invoke, or Ask for the Intercession of Mary?.........270

Which Heresies Denied that Mary was the Mother of God?....271

What Does it Mean to Call Mary the “New Eve”?...................271

What is the Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?

How was Mary's Immaculate Conception Proclaimed in 1854?

Why Do Catholics Adhere to Mary's Immaculate Conception?

Why is the Immaculate Conception Implausible to Protestants?

What is the Historical Evidence for the Immaculate Conception?

Why Did the Immaculate Conception Take So Long to Develop?

Is the Immaculate Conception Rationally Difficult to Accept?

How Could Mary Have a “Savior” if She Was Immaculate?....280

Does Mary's Immaculate Conception Have a Physical Element?

Was Mary's Assumption Very Widely Believed Before 1950?.281

Is Mary Our Spiritual Mother?..................................................281
Should we Venerate Mary?.......................................................282

Did Mary Have an Extraordinary Intellect?..............................282

Did Mary Die?...........................................................................282

Is Mary a Mediatrix and Channel of God's Graces?.................282

Do the Marian Devotions of Some Catholics Go Too Far?......283

XVI. Angels and the Communion of Saints

What is the Communion of Saints?...........................................285

Are Departed Saints Aware of Earthly Events? …....................286

Should we Venerate the Saints?................................................286

Is Veneration Infinitely Different from Adoration of God?......288

Should we Venerate the Angels?...............................................288

Does Everyone Have a Guardian Angel?..................................288

How Eminent is Rome as a Place of Saints and Martyrs?........288

Was Prayer for the Dead an Apostolic Practice?.......................289

Was Prayer for the Dead Well-Attested in the Early Church?..289

Is Prayer for the Dead a Biblical Teaching?..............................289

What is the Anglican Teaching on the Communion of Saints?.290

Is Invocation of the Saints Unbiblical?.....................................291

Do the Saints Pray (Intercede) for Us?.....................................291

Are All Images in Worship Idolatrous?.....................................291

Do Miraculous Relics Exist?.....................................................293

XVII. Purgatory

Are There Experiences in This Life Analogous to Purgatory?..295

Is Purgatory a Third Possible State After Death?......................295

Is Purgatory a Biblical Doctrine?..............................................295

Is Everyone in Purgatory Saved?..............................................296

Do Souls in Purgatory Suffer More than we Do?.....................296
Is There Fire in Purgatory?.......................................................296

XVIII. Penance and Asceticism

Are Penance and Absolution Necessary?..................................297

What is an Indulgence?.............................................................297

Is Self-Denial for the Cause of Christ a Good Thing?..............298

Is Suffering Spiritually Beneficial?...........................................298

Should All Clergymen be Celibate?..........................................300

Is Celibacy a “Higher” Calling?................................................301

XIX. The Holy Eucharist and Sacrifice of the Mass

Is the Holy Eucharist Necessary for Salvation?........................303

How Do we Know that Biblical Eucharistic Language is Literal?

What is Transubstantiation?......................................................304

What Did Newman Believe About the Real Presence in 1834?

Does the Grace Received from the Holy Eucharist Vary?........305

Is Eucharistic Adoration Spiritually Beneficial?.......................305

What is the Reasoning Behind Communion in One Kind?.......306

Does Validity of the Eucharist Depend on the Priest's Holiness?

What Does it Mean to Say That the Mass is a Sacrifice?.........307

Why Do Catholics Offer Masses for the Dead?........................308

Was the Last Supper a Passover Meal?.....................................309

XX. Devotions, Liturgy, and Worship

What is the Relation of Faith and Emotions?............................311

How Shall we Prevent Formal Prayers from Becoming Trite?.311

Are Shorter Form Prayers Preferable to Longer Ones?............312

What Makes The Lord's Prayer so Unique and Special?..........313

How Relatively Important are Sermons for the Clergyman?....313

How Does Kneeling Help Us to Receive Christian Truths?.....313

In What Sense Can a Crucifix be Worshiped?..........................314

How Much Does Scripture Teach About Public Worship?.......314
How Should we Regard Purported Miracles?...........................314

What is the Great Attribute of Catholic Devotional Literature?

What is the Evidence of a Particular Personal Calling?............316

What is the Relation of Doctrine to Devotional Practices?.......316

Do Catholics Have a Wide Freedom of Devotional Practice?..317
What is the Rationale Behind Devotion to Jesus' Sacred Heart?

XXI. The Sacrament of Baptism

What is the Relation of Baptism to the Church?.......................319

Does Baptism Regenerate?........................................................319

How is Baptism Related to the Holy Spirit and Justification?..320

What is Conditional Baptism?...................................................320

Is There Such a Thing as “Baptism of Desire”?........................320

XXII. Sacraments and Sacramentals

How Do we Define a “Sacrament”?..........................................321

What are the Attributes and Benefits of Sacraments?...............322

What is Sacramental Disposition?.............................................323

What is the Relationship of Preaching to Sacraments?.............323

What is the Sacrament of Confirmation?..................................323

Is Confession a Helpful and Biblical Practice?.........................324

Can a Person Possibly be Saved Without the Sacraments?.......325

Is the Sign of the Cross Permissible?........................................325

How Can we Know that We Have a Vocation to the Priesthood?

How Important is it to Follow Our Vocation?...........................326

Can People be Mistaken About Their Supposed Vocation?......326

XXIII. Heaven and Hell / Satan and Demons

What is the Beatific Vision in Heaven?.....................................327

What is the Blessedness of Heaven?.........................................327

Is Hell Eternal?..........................................................................327

Does Eternal Punishment in Hell Make Any Sense?................328

What is it Like to Experience Eternal Punishment?..................329

Is Satanic Oppression a Continuing Reality?............................329

XXIV. Education

How is Christianity Related to Education?...............................331

What is the Purpose of a University?........................................332

What is the Philosophy of History?..........................................332

Does Much Education Tend to Counter Christian Discipleship?

XXV. Atheism, Agnosticism, Liberalism, and Secularism

What is Philosophical and Theological Liberalism?.................333

How Should we Regard Theological Liberalism?....................333

Is Political Liberalism Hostile to Catholicism?........................336

Are There Jewish Analogies to Christian Theological Liberals?

What is the Result of Resisting Theological Liberalism?.........337

Where Does Accommodation to the “Spirit of the Age” Lead?

Is Atheism Fundamentally Bigoted Against Christianity?........338

Do Skeptics Assume Certain Premises Hostile to Christianity?

Will Atheism Satisfy the Deepest Longings of the Soul?.........340

How Should we Approach a Media Hostile to Christianity?....341

XXVI. Ecumenism

Can a Person Have Faith Without Having Heard the Gospel?..343

Can Non-Catholics Receive Grace?..........................................343

Can Non-Catholics Possibly be Saved?....................................343

Can a Good Man in Another Religion Espouse Christianity?...344

Can God Use Mistaken or Heretical Men for His Purposes?....344

How Should Protestants and Catholics Personally Interact?....344

Does Protestantism Have Within it Much Truth?......................348

Are Catholics Too Often Ignorant About Protestantism?..........350

Does the Holy Spirit Act Beyond the Catholic Church?...........350

How Should we Approach Religious Differences of Opinion?

What is the Ultimate Aim of Ecumenism?................................351

XXVII. Science

Is Process Antithetical to Creation?..........................................353

Is Theistic Evolution Antithetical to Catholicism or Theism?..353

Is Darwin's Theory of Evolution Indicated by Anatomy?.........355

Do Science and Revelation Clash?............................................356

Do Scientists Unduly Interfere in the Domain of Religion?.....356

Is There But One Interpretation of Genesis Chapter One?.......356

Must Catholics Believe that Noah's Flood was Universal?......357

XXVIII. Miscellaneous

How Should Christians Regard Great Riches?.........................359

Is Exorcism a Legitimate Christian Practice?...........................359

How Serious of a Matter are Vows?..........................................359

Do Anti-Catholics Misrepresent Catholicism?..........................360

Is There But One Interpretation of the Book of Revelation?....361

How Does Catholicism (and the Bible) View Slavery?............361

What is Newman's Advice for Aspiring Writers?.....................364

Is Spanking or Corporal Punishment Permissible?...................365

How Do we Know that Souls Exist?.........................................365

Are the Last Days Near?...........................................................366

Should Unbaptized Persons be Married by Christian Clergymen?

What Did the First Protestants Think of Polygamy?.................367

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Last updated on 18 July 2015.