Wednesday, September 30, 2009

Are Vatican II and the "New Mass" Counter-Influences to Orthodoxy and Traditional Liturgy, in Terms of Drawing in Converts to the Catholic Faith?

[VaticanII.gif]
[ source ]


This is an interesting exchange I had in a combox at a Catholic "traditionalist" website. Dan Hunter's words will be in blue (I've corrected some typos).

* * * * *

[citing the post by "Boniface" that I recently critiqued] "While the convert to Catholicism tends to react to Traditional things with a manner of indifference (or, at best, curiosity)"

My wife and I, with the Grace of Almighty God, are helping to bring into the Church, via the Traditional Latin Mass, several Baptists. These Baptists have been to Novus Ordo Masses and several weeks of RCIA, and were completely disappointed by them. They are, however, blown away by the TLM and the Roman Catechism of Trent. So, by the Grace of Almighty God these Southern Baptists are being drawn into the Church by the Gregorian Rite and the ancient traditions of the Church and absolutely not by the post Vatican II version.

My own story is a mixture of these two elements of today's Catholicism. In part because of ecumenism: the pro-life movement, I came into contact with good Catholics and first changed my mind on contraception (ironically, a good priest I met in the rescues was utterly unable to defend the Church's teaching on contraception, but a Catholic friend of mine could).

This same friend approached me very much in line with Vatican II's urging to speak with Protestants in language they could understand. He and another like-minded Catholic came to group discussions at my home. So that was key to my conversion too. If they had both looked down on me as a lowly, dumb Protestant, or were afraid to come to my discussions, they would have gotten nowhere, because I wasn't dumb or closed-minded; I just needed to learn about the Church from folks who knew how to present the fuller truth.

At the same time I converted, I was mentored by Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J., and started attending my present parish, which is a gorgeous building (German Gothic Revival) and very liturgically traditional.

So it was really both things that brought me in: solid doctrinal and liturgical tradition and orthodoxy, and a newer, fresher approach to sharing the faith that is partly ecumenical, still completely orthodox, and plain old common sense.

I don't see that I have to choose between Vatican II and traditional liturgical practice. Both are good. Both have been greatly abused . . . and I defend both as part of my task as an apologist for the One True Faith.

I am happy and elated to hear about your conversion story. You know have an excellent chance at attaining the Beatific Vision! May I please point out, though, that as much as you appreciate what you perceive to be a new ecumenism, post Vatican II, you must remember that before the Second Vatican Council, there where many more conversions to the Church, than there are today, so there was a lot of proselytizing before the Council as well as today. God bless you.

That's correct. Nothing I said implies that this was not the case. There was a huge wave of Anglican converts at the time of Cardinal Newman, for example. But of course, he was quite ecumenical as well (especially for his time) and is seen as the "father of the Second Vatican Council."

However, those historical facts do not overcome the fact that my friends, by acting in ways that Vatican II specifically urged, directly caused my conversion to occur.

I was simply offering a counter-example, since Vatican II was mentioned in contradistinction to the Traditional Latin Mass (TLM), as if one helps folks convert and the other doesn't. That is not a hard and fast rule. If the choice is a lousily-conducted Novus Ordo mass vs. the usual reverent, impressive TLM, then obviously anyone serious about liturgy will choose the latter. But a corruption of a thing is not the thing itself.

In fact, I know there are many other conversions of this sort from my own experience, because lots of people have told me that my apologetics helped them convert, and I am nothing if not a "Vatican II Catholic," just as the present Holy Father and previous one were. :-) I don't tell people they are idiots and on the way to hell because they are Protestants. I stress common ground and try to educate them about Catholicism, as Vatican II taught us to do. It is applying Paul's method of "being all things to all people," that we saw him exercise on Mars Hill in Athens.

Ecumenism can be put to use in apologetics and evangelism. There is no contradiction. Many people seem to think that there is, but it just shows that they misunderstand the true nature of each endeavor.

Rejoicing in what we have in common does not mean that we cannot [respectfully, gently] defend that which is distinctive in our belief over against other ones, and try to persuade others of the fullness of the Catholic Faith. Apples and oranges . . .

* * * * *

I don't tell people they are idiots and on the way to hell because they are Protestants. I stress common ground and try to educate them about Catholicism, as Vatican II taught us to do.

Mr Armstrong,

As did almost every pontiff of the twentieth century: Pope St Pius X in Pascendi, Pope Pius XI in Mortalium Animos; as did our pontiff of happy memory Blessed Pius IX of the 19th century,
etc., etc., etc.

Vatican II is not the starting point for true ecumenism; in fact it did much to harm the spread of the faith.

The word "hell" doesn't appear in Pascendi; nor does "damned" or "lost" (i.e., one's soul). Nor does "eternal" (life, or damnation). He mentions "liberal Protestants" in connection with Modernists, showing that he recognizes degrees of apostasy or heresy among Protestants.

Obviously, then, Pope St. Pius X did not here "tell people they are . . . on the way to hell because they are Protestants" (which is what I said I don't do) and your counter-point falls flat.

Same thing for Mortalium Animos. Pope Pius XI never says Protestants will go to hell simply for being Protestants (how could he, anyway?, since the Church makes no judgment on any person's eternal damnation). He asserts no salvation outside the Church (as I do), but that is a vastly different proposition from saying all Protestants will go to hell.

So, with all due respect, you have produced nothing from the magisterium against what I stated, that you disagree with.

it did much to harm the spread of the faith.

Not at all. Liberalism and nominalism and abuses of the Council did that; not the Council itself. The modern apologetics movement, which is perhaps the largest force working today to produce more converts to the faith, is fully in line with the true spirit and nature of Vatican II.

As I've noted before (even on this blog), many "traditionalists" (you guys can figure out how many) don't have time to devote to persuading people to join the Church because they are too busy bashing the Mind of the Church and popes and councils and types of Masses.

If you doubt that, just look at their blogs and websites, compared to, e.g., mine (or the dreaded EWTN's or Catholic Answers').

If you all wanna devote yourself to those pursuits, go ahead, but the fact remains today that most folks who are active in defending and spreading the faith fully accept Vatican II, just as the Holy Father said they should, since (as he said in The Ratzinger Report) it is based on the same exact authority as Trent.

Vatican II is not the starting point for true ecumenism

Oh, I fully agree. The Bible is that, in places like Romans 2, Paul on Mars Hill, and saying "I have become all things to all men that I might by any means save some of them," and Jesus' dealings with the Roman centurion, etc.; also St. Augustine's approach to the Donatists, St. Thomas Aquinas' elaborate treatment of invincible ignorance and baptism of desire, etc. Lots of stuff long before Vatican II, which shows once again that it is not out of line with Catholic Tradition at all.

Fifth Reply to a "Traditionalist" (Ecumenism and St. Paul the Good "Vatican II" Ecumenist)

The Catholic Doctrine of the One True Church (New CDF Clarification): Antithetical to Ecumenism? (Dialogue with Michael Patton)

The Catholic Church's View of Non-Catholic Christians (Karl Adam, from the 1920s)

On Romans 2 and the Vastly Misunderstood "No Salvation Outside the Catholic Church" Issue

Dialogue on "Salvation Outside the Church" and Alleged Catholic Magisterial Contradictions (Particularly in the Middle Ages; With Emphasis on St. Thomas Aquinas's Views)

Tuesday, September 29, 2009

The Ultimate Mono vs. Stereo Beatles Compilation

.

[BeatlesPic5.jpg]

I recently reviewed the 2009 Beatles remasters (both box sets). The "contest" between mono and stereo versions of the classic songs is very interesting. I wrote extensively about this matter in my review. Here is the gist of what I stated (re-edited a bit):

I myself have always been a big Stereo Guy, but I must say that my thinking has undergone a considerable transformation in listening again to the older mono Beatles songs that I had prior to this release, and doing A/B song comparisons. In the opinion of many (I largely agree), the earlier stereo mixes suffered from an exaggerated right-left or "ping pong" effect. But there are exceptions. In the earlier songs, for my taste, the drums in the stereo mixes are too often lost in the overall soundscape, in one channel only, and are flat- and wimpy-sounding (the very last thing drums should ever be).

The mono songs -- the rockers above all -- hit you right between the eyes. They have an impact and (as lots of people say) "punch" to them that the stereo can't quite match. The mono has the drums (like everything else) in the center, which makes them a more prominent part of the mix: more "in balance," in my opinion: sometimes seeming (perhaps literally) even twice as loud, as should be the case with a rocker.

To put it bluntly, the Beatles "kick butt" in the mono rockers. There is a power and forward drive there that matches any rock band, bar none. The Fab Four could rock with the best of them, and it sounds best in mono. I never thought I'd say that, but I'm a new believer. Mono also sounds much better through speakers, as opposed to headphones. The element of physical separation of two channels (even if they are playing the same thing) makes a big difference.

My preference, then, roughly speaking, is stereo for the softer, more melodic songs (especially with harmony singing), and the last half of the Beatles catalogue, and mono for the rockers and the first half of the catalogue.

[this portion added presently: many of the singles are better in mono as well, as late as Revolution in 1968 (B-side of Hey Jude). Also, the entire albums Beatles for Sale (late 1964) and Help! (early 1965) are better in stereo, as is more than two-thirds of A Hard Day's Night (early 1964). So the above paragraph is a very broad generality only, with lots of exceptions]

The "remix" vs. "remaster" debate is more complex. I come down in favor of remixes in cases of exaggerated right-left or "too wide" recordings. In a remix, engineers go back to all the individual tracks and combine them in different ways, as opposed to taking the original master tracks chosen by the producer and engineers and The Beatles and improving the sound.

Below, I offer my own choices for the best versions of each Beatles song, based on A/B comparisons (mostly in headphones). I'll use color-coding to make the choices more visibly apparent (using the same method I use in my dialogues):

Black color with no additional notes means that the song is from the stereo box set.

Blue-colored songs are from the mono box set.

Purple-colored songs are stereo remixes of some sort, with further source information indicated in brackets).

I'll start out with my own two-CD compilation of my favorite Beatles songs (compiled in chronological order based on recording dates), then I will present all the albums (Yellow Submarine includes only the four new Beatles tracks).

Note that 26 songs out of 55 (or 47%) from my two "Best of" CDs are from either the mono box set or various stereo remixed versions. Of these 26, 15 are mono versions (27% of all) and 11 are stereo remixes (20%).


Best of: 1962-1965 (Dave Armstrong compilation)

Please Please Me
I Saw Her Standing There

Do You Want to Know a Secret
Twist and Shout
From Me to You [Dr. Ebbetts Remix* / next best: mono]
She Loves You [Mono only, from One]
All My Loving
It Won't Be Long

All I've Got to Do

I Want to Hold Your Hand
This Boy
Can't Buy Me Love

I Should Have Known Better
And I Love Her
If I Fell
A Hard Day's Night
I'll Cry Instead
Eight Days a Week
She's a Woman
I Feel Fine
I'll Follow the Sun
Ticket to Ride
You're Gonna Lose That Girl
Help!
Yesterday
Day Tripper
If I Needed Someone [BRG Remix** / next best: mono]
In My Life

We Can Work It Out
Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)
Nowhere Man
[Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
Michelle
[BRG Remix / next best: mono]

* See more information.
** BRG = Beatles Remixers Group: see more information.

Best of: 1966-1969 (Dave Armstrong compilation)

Paperback Writer
Rain
Taxman
Eleanor Rigby [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
Yellow Submarine [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
Good Day Sunshine
Strawberry Fields Forever
Penny Lane
A Day in the Life
Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
With a Little Help from My Friends [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
All You Need Is Love [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
The Fool on the Hill
Hello Goodbye
Revolution
Hey Jude
Back in the U.S.S.R.
Dear Prudence
Get Back [Let it Be . . . Naked 2003 Remix]
Let it Be [album version]
Something
Here Comes the Sun
Come Together

Please Please Me (1963) [1 stereo, 13 mono]

I Saw Her Standing There
Misery

Anna (Go to Him)

Chains

Boys

Ask Me Why

Please Please Me

Love Me Do [Mono only, from stereo set]
P.S. I Love You [Mono only, from stereo set]
Baby It's You
Do You Want to Know a Secret
A Taste of Honey
There's a Place

Twist and Shout


With the Beatles (1963) [all mono: 14]

It Won't Be Long
All I've Got to Do

All My Loving

Don't Bother Me

Little Child

Till There Was You

Please Mister Postman

Roll Over Beethoven
Hold Me Tight

You Really Got a Hold on Me

I Wanna Be Your Man

Devil in Her Heart
Not a Second Time

Money (That's What I Want)


A Hard Day's Night (1964) [8 stereo, 5 mono]

A Hard Day's Night
I Should Have Known Better
If I Fell
I'm Happy Just to Dance with You
And I Love Her
Tell Me Why
Can't Buy Me Love

Any Time at All

I'll Cry Instead
Things We Said Today
When I Get You Home
You Can't Do That
I'll Be Back

Beatles for Sale (1964) [all stereo: 14]

No Reply
I'm a Loser
Baby's in Black
Rock and Roll Music
I'll Follow the Sun
Mr. Moonlight
Kansas City/Hey-Hey-Hey-Hey!
Eight Days a Week
Words of Love
Honey Don't
Every Little Thing
I Don't Want to Spoil the Party
What You're Doing
Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby

Help! (1965) [all stereo: 14; from George Martin 1986 Remixes]

Help!
The Night Before
You've Got to Hide Your Love Away
I Need You
Another Girl
You're Gonna Lose That Girl
Ticket to Ride
Act Naturally
It's Only Love
You Like Me Too Much
Tell Me What You See
I've Just Seen a Face
Yesterday
Dizzy Miss Lizzy

Rubber Soul (1965) [6 stereo (incl. 4 remixes), 8 mono; box set stereo versions are from George Martin 1986 Remixes]

Drive My Car
Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)
You Won't See Me
Nowhere Man [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
Think for Yourself
[Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
The Word
Michelle [BRG Remix* / next best: mono]
What Goes On
Girl
I'm Looking Through You
In My Life
Wait
If I Needed Someone [BRG Remix / next best: mono]
Run for Your Life

* BRG = Beatles Remixers Group: see more information.

Revolver (1966) [10 stereo (incl. 3 remixes), 4 mono]

Taxman
Eleanor Rigby [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
I'm Only Sleeping
Love You To [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
Here, There and Everywhere
Yellow Submarine [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
She Said She Said
Good Day Sunshine
And Your Bird Can Sing
For No One
Doctor Robert
I Want to Tell You
Got to Get You into My Life
Tomorrow Never Knows

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967) [8 stereo (incl. 4 remixes), 5 mono]

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
With a Little Help from My Friends
[Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
[Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
Getting Better
Fixing a Hole
She's Leaving Home

Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!

Within You Without You
When I'm Sixty-Four [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
Lovely Rita
Good Morning Good Morning

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (Reprise)
A Day in the Life

Magical Mystery Tour (1967) [6 stereo (incl. 2 remixes), 5 mono]

Magical Mystery Tour
The Fool on the Hill
Flying
Blue Jay Way

Your Mother Should Know
I Am the Walrus
Hello Goodbye
Strawberry Fields Forever
Penny Lane
Baby You're a Rich Man [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
All You Need Is Love
[Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]

The Beatles (White Album) (1968) [20 stereo, 10 mono]

Back in the U.S.S.R.
Dear Prudence
Glass Onion

Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da

Wild Honey Pie
The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill
While My Guitar Gently Weeps
Happiness Is a Warm Gun
Martha My Dear
I'm So Tired
Blackbird
Piggies
Rocky Raccoon
Don't Pass Me By
Why Don't We Do It in the Road?
I Will
Julia
Birthday
Yer Blues
Mother Nature's Son
Everybody's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey
Sexy Sadie
Helter Skelter
Long, Long, Long

Revolution 1
Honey Pie
Savoy Truffle
Cry Baby Cry

Revolution 9
Good Night

Yellow Submarine (1969) [4 stereo: all remixes]

Only a Northern Song [Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
All Together Now
[Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
Hey Bulldog
[Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]
It's All Too Much
[Yellow Submarine Songtrack 1999 Remix]

Let it Be
(1969) [all stereo: 12 (incl. 9 remixes) ]

Two of Us [Let it Be . . . Naked 2003 Remix]
Dig a Pony [Let it Be . . . Naked 2003 Remix]
Across the Universe [Let it Be . . . Naked 2003 Remix]
I Me Mine [Let it Be . . . Naked 2003 Remix]
Dig It
Let it Be
Maggie Mae
I've Got a Feeling [Let it Be . . . Naked 2003 Remix]
One After 909 [Let it Be . . . Naked 2003 Remix]
The Long and Winding Road [Let it Be . . . Naked 2003 Remix]
For You Blue [Let it Be . . . Naked 2003 Remix]
Get Back [Let it Be . . . Naked 2003 Remix]

Abbey Road (1969) (all stereo: 17)

Come Together
Something
Maxwell's Silver Hammer
Oh! Darling
Octopus's Garden
I Want You (She's So Heavy)
Here Comes the Sun
Because
You Never Give Me Your Money
Sun King
Mean Mr Mustard
Polythene Pam
She Came in Through the Bathroom Window
Golden Slumbers
Carry That Weight
The End
Her Majesty

Past Masters [only the songs chosen as superior versions are listed]

Love Me Do [Mono only single version with Ringo, from stereo set]
From Me to You [Dr. Ebbetts Remix* / next best: mono]
I'll Get You [Mono only, from stereo set]
I Feel Fine
Yes It Is
Rain
The Inner Light
Hey Jude
Don't Let Me Down
The Ballad of John and Yoko
Old Brown Shoe
Across the Universe (different version)
Let it Be (single version)
You Know My Name (Look Up the Number) [Mono only, from stereo set]

* See more information.

Mono Masters [only the songs chosen as superior versions are listed]

Thank You Girl
She Loves You [Mono only from One]
I Want to Hold Your Hand
This Boy
Komm, Gib Mir Deine Hand [I Want to Hold Your Hand]

Sie Liebt Dich [She Loves You]

Long Tall Sally
I Call Your Name

Slow Down

Matchbox

She's a Woman
Bad Boy

I'm Down
Day Tripper
We Can Work It Out

Paperback Writer

Lady Madonna
Revolution (single version)

[out of 32 Past/Mono Masters songs (not including Yellow Submarine songs and Get Back), 11 are stereo (incl. 1 remix), 21 mono]

Grand Totals:

Stereo = 131 (61%)
Mono = 85 (39%)

Stereo: original mix (stereo box set and one song from 1) = 104 (48%)
Stereo remix = 27 (13%)
Mono (mono box set) = 85 (39%)


NOTE: I posted an abridged version of this article on a Beatles forum at amazon, on the Mono vs. Stereo thread. Additional comments of mine over there:

[one / two / three / four / five (10-4-09) / six / seven / eight / nine / ten]

Monday, September 28, 2009

Reply to Traditionalist Catholic "Boniface's" Article: "Converts and Traditionalism"

[BenedictXVI.jpg]


The post here critiqued was written by a man who goes by the nickname "Boniface": the blogmaster of Unam Sanctam Catholicam. His words will be in blue.

* * * * *

Some time ago, [a blogmaster] did a great post on small "t" Tradition and the role of popular EWTN-friendly apologists who are Protestant converts.

Why would any group of people be described as "EWTN-friendly," pray tell? Is that the new pseudonym for what used to be described as a "neo-Catholic"? Should I, for my part, describe self-described Catholic "traditionalists" as "SSPX-friendly" since they often have a significant admiration for that group or link to its websites (analogous to liking EWTN)? I think the multiplication of labels is silly and should be avoided. What is wrong with simply "Catholic" or (my own choice when someone tries to put me in a box) "orthodox Catholic"? But "traditionalists" -- by the very nature of their self-definition? --, seem to have a need to pigeonhole Catholics who don't describe themselves and their identity in the same way that they do. Sometimes it reminds me of the Protestant urge to define itself in opposition to Catholicism: it always has to justify its existence over against something else..

in advancing liturgical and doctrinal minimalism in the life of the Church.

How are we as a group supposedly doing this? What is "doctrinal minimalism"? What apologist is advocating this? It makes more sense as applied to liturgical matters. I could see that some might be guilty of that (I don't think I am at all, since my Church offers the Latin Mass -- both ordinary and extraordinary forms. I attended the latter just a few weeks ago). How "minimal" must one's views be to be classified in this way, liturgy-wise?

In the teaching of many of these popular Protestant converts, there is often an excessively narrow focus on the de fide ("Big-T") traditions of the Church in such a way as to exclude or even regard as utterly dispensible the so-called "small-t" tradition.

Which ones are regarded as dispensable, and by whom? Without these particulars stated, how can anyone even know what is being talked about?

The Traditionalist, who embraces all of the Church's legitimate traditions, must wonder if they actually assisting the ecclesiastical deconstructionists in jettisoning all of the small "t" traditions?

There are all sorts of relevant considerations entailed in this claim. First of all, one has to define what is a small-t tradition. Is it a non-binding belief? If so, then how can anyone be faulted for not adhering to it? Is it a belief that allows diversity by nature? Take, for example, Thomism vs. Molinism on the matter of predestination. These are both certainly Catholic traditions, but they are contrary to each other. Both are allowed by the Church. Thus, no one can be faulted as "against small-t tradition" by accepting one or the other. The bottom line is what is binding and what is not. There are different levels of infallibility (e.g., the infallibility of the ordinary magisterium). I delved into these fine distinctions at great length in one of my papers (mostly citing others).

This is an excellent topic to look into more, because it is a fact that Traditionalists often make the point when referring to a certain Catholic pop-apologist (take Dr. Scott Hahn, for example) that he is an "ex-Protestant" (as, for example, is done in Chris Ferrara's book "EWTN: Network Gone Wrong"). This is especially prominent in the circles of extreme traditionalists who deny the validity of the NO. To them, the popularity of men like Hahn, etc. is just an extension of the Church's apparent love-affair with Protestant ideology that began in the 1960's.

That is a ludicrous notion on their part, since Scott Hahn and other apologists who had been Protestant (either from birth or for a period) have specifically renounced various Protestant doctrines in order to be Catholic in the first place. The cradle Catholic never went through such a process, unless he was exposed to extreme liberalism, which is indeed largely derived from post-"Enlightenment" Protestantism. Many converts have been blisteringly critical of evangelical teachings and practices in a way that I rarely see cradle Catholics express.

If these critics think that we are still "half-Protestant" then they ought to see how we are regarded by the anti-Catholics whose arguments we oppose. I'm about as popular as Stalin or Pol Pot in those circles. Even some Lutherans who are not anti-Catholic, despise me as an "anti-Luther zealot" because I dare to disagree with their hero and founder and frankly discuss his errors. Yet, radtrads inexplicably agree with anti-Catholics when it comes to classifying convert apologists. Personally, I should think that would give one pause if one is a Catholic. I've been falsely accused of this myself:
Am I a "Protestantizing" Catholic Now Or Was I Formerly a "Catholicizing" Protestant? (+ Discussion)

This is simply shoddy thinking all around (whoever reasons like this). I've run across the attitude myself on several occasions. It's a sort of nebulous guilt-by-association mentality that ignores many relevant particular factors. I do understand (I want to make it clear) that this is not your point of view of the writer, but is the opinion of some radtrads.

There are indeed, converts who have, unfortunately, been unduly influenced by their Protestant past in a negative way, and have not totally shaken off the false elements of it, but they tend to be "traditionalists" themselves: folks like Gerry Matatics, who couldn't stop thinking like an individualistic fundamentalist Protestant (and so is now a sedevacantist). One might argue that Gerry and others like him never learned to completely think like Catholics, and so their reasoning processes still incorporate erroneous Protestant premises.

But we need not point out only extreme examples - many sound Traditionalists - myself included- have sometimes wondered about what under-the-surface "baggage" Protestant converts bring to the Church. This is a legitimate question.

Yeah, I know, because, like I said, I've come across these suspicions many times. I think we can only approach each individual. If we want to talk about baggage, that is not simply a problem with converts (assuming for a moment that it even is that significant of a problem among the apologists being discussed as a group). While we were learning a great deal of truth in evangelical Protestantism (respect for the Bible as inspired and infallible, love of God and service to Him, learning to pray and to evangelize and defend Christianity and to work together for social justice issues such as abortion, thinking seriously about Christ and culture), many cradle Catholics in the 70s and 80s were learning liberalism and an insipid, nauseating "Catholic Lite."

Who's to say which was worse? For my money, I'll take my evangelical past, because on the whole I learned more truth there than I would have in any of the thousands of liberal parishes then and now. I suspect the whole comparison is a wash. If the Church hadn't suffered through the crisis we have seen in the last 40 years, this wouldn't be as strong of a counterpoint. But it has, and so my argument has some force.

But before answering it, we ought to ask ourselves first: why bring up that such-and-such an apologist is a convert? After that we should wonder: what do we imply by pointing out that they are?

Obviously because you suspect there is heretical "baggage". Also, I think that existing differences of approach and emphasis between converts and cradle Catholics breed the sort of suspicion that occurs between all people who differ in some way. But one thing is for sure: the convert has lived the Protestant life in a way that the lifelong Catholic never has. That is not an advantage in and of itself (I would say that a lifelong Catholic who was properly taught their faith would be in far better shape).

But it is an advantage to some extent in apologetics and evangelism, because the more one knows one's opponent and his viewpoint, the more effective one can be. This is why. I think, we see many converts active in apologetics. We also were forced to give answers to our Protestant friends and that led naturally to apologetics (this was, in fact, the circumstance that led to my first book, A Biblical Defense of Catholicism, which wasn't even intended to be a book for a couple of years).

Cradle Catholics can learn a great deal about Protestantism and be just as effective in these ways (witness Keating and Madrid), but it is clear that the person who used to believe something and later changed his mind, has a certain advantage (generally speaking) going into an encounter with one of that group. St. Paul could talk to Jews effectively because he was one of them (in the religious sense). He still called himself a Pharisee even after his conversion. I still call myself evangelical, in the larger sense of that word.

By labelling an apologist as a convert or "ex-Protestant," we are implying that there exists some kind of dynamic or paradigm about converts from Protestantism within the Catholic Church.

There does indeed tend to be a dynamic, but I think it is mostly a positive thing, such as what I was just discussing above, not a negative thing. The question is whether the overall result is a net gain or a net loss.

Before we go any further, we ought to establish that this label is not in any way meant to deny the fidelity of these convert apologists. We are not attempting (or at least we should not be) to cast suspicion on their orthodoxy, as if they are modern day moriscos or maranos of whom we need to be extra cautious.

Very good. I appreciate this.

What we do need to acknowledge, however, is that since converts from Protestantism come into the Church from a different path than cradle Catholics, their view of what is important about the Church will necessarily be a little different.

Sure; but the Catholic who came out of a liberal background has wrong emphases as well (often including a heterodoxy that is rarely the case with almost any convert who knows why he converted). I think it is much more fruitful to discuss error more broadly, rather than combine people into converts and cradles. I'm responding to this because I think it is a misguided suspicion, but I rarely bring up the distinction myself. I'm always responding to someone else who wants to make this an issue. Once it is brought up, however, and such things are being analyzed, I can do sociology (my major in college) and "demographics" as well as the next person.

I come at this from a unique position, as a cradle Catholic who toyed around with Protestantism and then "reverted" back to Catholicism,

Good, then you have some "inside" knowledge of non-Catholic Christianity as well.

and so I can see where both sides are coming from, and I see that the first thing we need do is acknowledge that such a dynamic between cradle Catholics / converts does in fact exist.

There are differences, for sure. I wish we could view them as complementaries rather than conflicts leading to suspicions and other unhelpful or unedifying attitudes. I've long noted that cradle Catholics in many instances have skepticism toward the convert in various ways.

Of course, it does not apply universally. Few labels do. But here is how it works, as one commentator on Athanasius' original post pointed out: While the cradle Catholic-turned-Traditionalist is deeply disappointed that he had never heard of Benediction, Processions, Te Deum, Salve Regina, etc. before finding his way into traditionalism,

Here is an example of the deprivations of the liberal Catholic life. But I don't have to be a "traditionalist" to have all these benefits. They all occur in my parish, where I have gone to church for 18 years now. Granted, most parishes don't have these things. I'm just saying that I didn't have to have all the distinctive "traditionalist" gripes and beliefs to possess them. I never went through that phase. I went right from mainstream evangelical Arminian Protestant, to orthodox Catholic (having been mentored by Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J., who is honored on the sidebar of the blog where this post appears).

the convert is so thrilled to have access to the sacraments and the magisterium that he cannot imagine the leadership in the church having ever done anything wrong by getting rid of or hiding so many small-t traditions.

I don't think this holds up as a generality. Most apologists I know want liturgical tradition as well as doctrinal orthodoxy. I work on the CHNI discussion forum and I am always noticing, for example, a strong devotion to eucharistic adoration among converts (one I am particularly thinking of was a Baptist and daughter of a pastor). I don't think convert apologists are different in this regard. I would caution, then, against this generalization. If there were examples provided of some apologist actually denigrating these small-t liturgical traditions, then the point would have force, with regard to them. Instead, it is submitted as a vague general criticism, and has little or no force.

One who comes into the Church from Protestantism naturally finds great excitement in the fact that the Catholic Church worships liturgically, that Christ's grace is present through the sacraments ex opere operato, that the authority claimed by the papacy is authentic, that Marian veneration is in fact biblical, etc. He has come to the Church of Christ and finally feels at home.

Indeed.

However, because he is so excited to be home, he frequently ignores what state the home that he came back to is in.

Who are these convert (and apologists) who think that liberalism in the Church is no problem at all? I don't see them. I see lots of converts and apologists, though, fighting against liberalism. Catholic Answers certainly has always done so. I myself have opposed those errors as well as the extreme radtrad errors all along.

A convert is so overwhelmed and over joyed that the Church does in fact have an infallible head (something he denied as a Protestant) that he has a hard time imagining how such an infallible head could permit the Church to fall into such disastrous straits,

This assumes the altogether questionable premise that it is all the pope's fault in the first place, that there is a liberal crisis. But that is absurdly simplistic, and I utterly reject it.

if he even gets around to realizing that the straits are disastrous.

This is the common traditionalist belief that non-traditionalists think the situation in the Church is hunky-dory. I've stated till I am blue in the face that we don't disagree on the existence of a crisis: only what to do about it, and what the initial causes were. You guys were the ones who (as a class or large group) went after Vatican II and after the Novus Ordo Mass and ecumenical efforts. We, on the other hand, have attacked the problem where it always was located and centered: liberal theology and liberal dissenters.

At length, many "traditionalists" have figured out (happily) that maybe Vatican II wasn't the Worst Thing Ever, and just maybe, the Pauline Mass (though they may not like it themselves) is legitimate and not anti-traditional. You've come around to sense and common sense, and we are right where we've always been: in the position of orthodoxy and in opposition to heterodoxy, without going down all these paths that "traditionalists" usually go down.

Ah, but you yourself have not come to these more sensible positions as of yet. You are closer to the radtrad position, at least according to your November 2007 article, Conversion to Traditionalism. You have all the classic hallmarks, that I critiqued years ago (2002) in my book about "traditionalism":

1) You oppose Vatican II and even the Catechism:
I began to be uncomfortable with several statements and ideas found in post-Conciliar documents (and later, in the Conciliar documents themselves). I noticed a glaring lack of references in ecclesiastical statements to documents from before the Council. . . .

You have gone from deploring the false interpretations of Vatican II to realizing that the inherent problems are in the documents themselves, irrespective of any subsequent interpretation.
. . .

You once turned to the Catechism and the documents of Vatican II as the sure bastions of orthodoxy; now you have to supplement them with hefty references from the pre-Conciliar documents in order to fill in the glaring doctrinal gaps and ambiguities. . . .

You used to defend Vatican II by saying, "I know there have been abuses done in the "spirit" of Vatican II, but the Council itself was necessary,"; now you believe the entire Council was utterly unnecessary and you wish to God it would have never occurred.
2) You show the common "traditionalist" admiration for the SSPX:
You have gone from attacking the SSPX as schismatics and condemning them unreservedly to thinking they really have some good points.

3) You severely criticize Pope John Paul the Great:

You have gone from admiring Pope John Paul II and calling him "the Great" (as I did in 2005) to thinking his papacy was not a very good one.


You guys usually love Pope Benedict XVI. Well, I've loved what he stands for, for years, too, and I say his position is closer to mine than to yours. I don't see him running down the Pauline Mass or Vatican II, like you do. Here is what the Holy Father said about the Latin Mass in both its forms:

Art 1. The Roman Missal promulgated by Paul VI is the ordinary expression of the "Lex orandi" (Law of prayer) of the Catholic Church of the Latin rite. Nonetheless, the Roman Missal promulgated by St. Pius V and reissued by Blessed John XXIII is to be considered as an extraordinary expression of that same "Lex orandi," and must be given due honor for its venerable and ancient usage. These two expressions of the Church's "Lex orandi" will in no any way lead to a division in the Church's "Lex credendi" (Law of belief). They are, in fact two usages of the one Roman rite.

(Summorum Pontificum, 7 July 2007)

You expressed happy agreement with it in July 2007:

Praise and thanks be to God for the document Summorum Pontificum released this Saturday. I think I speak for many when I say that this document exceeded many of our expectations.
But you casually disagreed with the statement above, by continuing to show disdain for the "ordinary expression" (learning nothing from the pope's statement):

What should come next? When will it be enough? I will tell you what I would like to see next:
(1) The old usage be declared the "normative" form of the Latin rite instead of the extraordinary form.

(2) The gradual phasing out of the Novus Ordo.



(3) Some kind of official acknowledgement that the hoped for "riches" envisioned by Sacrosanctum Concilium have not materialized and that the implementation of the Novus Ordo has been an abject failure.

You reiterated your oppositional view in your November 2007 article:

11) You once wanted a dignified celebration of the Novus Ordo; now, nothing less that the Traditional Latin Mass will suffice. 12) You once thought perhaps the TLM should be available to those who were still "attached" to it, but now you think the NO should be suppressed and the TLM should be the missa normativa of the Latin rite, mandatory for everybody ultimately.

And you were more blunt than that in a July 2007 post:

The Novus Ordo, while being a valid form of the Mass validly promulgated by the legitimate Second Vatican Council, was nevertheless a terrible idea. Not only the abuses but the Mass itself are wrought with grave omissions and ambiguities. The Traditional Mass of Pius V should be the normative Mass of the Roman Rite and the Novus Ordo ought to be abolished. . . .

The surest route to a true restoration of Catholic Tradition is to restore the Rite of St. Pius V (ie, of Gregory the Great) as the missa normativa of the Roman Rite. The Novus Ordo ought to be cast off as a failed experiment (for that's what it truly is: a liturgical experiment, an artificial creation in a liturgical labratory, a test-tube baby of the Church with no precedent in Tradition), and the sooner it is done away with the better.


So who is closer to the Mind of the Church, expressed by the pope? You don't even seem to grant that he expresses the Mind of the Church. You simply disagree and go right on casually suggesting that the Pauline Mass should be abolished, in direct contradiction to what the pope taught. In other words, you argued precisely as the liberal dissenters and Protestants argue: you reject the pope's teaching and prefer to go your own way (even though that "way" has shown many major vacillations over the last ten years or so).

You question the orthodoxy of Vatican II, think the problems that occurred after the council were inherent in the words of the conciliar documents, and "wish to God" that it had never been held. This is vastly different from the Holy Father's position. Writing in 1985, then-Cardinal Ratzinger was very clear:

It must be stated that Vatican II is upheld by the same authority as Vatican I and the Council of Trent, namely, the Pope and the College of Bishops in communion with him, and that also with regard to its contents, Vatican II is in the strictest continuity with both previous councils and incorporates their texts word for word in decisive points . . .

Whoever accepts Vatican II, as it has clearly expressed and understood itself, at the same time accepts the whole binding tradition of the Catholic Church, particularly also the two previous councils . . . It is likewise impossible to decide in favor of Trent and Vatican I but against Vatican II. Whoever denies Vatican II denies the authority that upholds the other two councils and thereby detaches them from their foundation. And this applies to the so-called 'traditionalism,' also in its extreme forms. Every partisan choice destroys the whole (the very history of the Church) which can exist only as an indivisible unity.

To defend the true tradition of the Church today means to defend the Council. It is our fault if we have at times provided a pretext (to the 'right' and 'left' alike) to view Vatican II as a 'break' and an abandonment of the tradition. There is, instead, a continuity that allows neither a return to the past nor a flight forward, neither anachronistic longings nor unjustified impatience. We must remain faithful to the today of the Church, not the yesterday or tomorrow. And this today of the Church is the documents of Vatican II, without reservations that amputate them and without arbitrariness that distorts them . . .

I see no future for a position that, out of principle, stubbornly renounces Vatican II. In fact in itself it is an illogical position. The point of departure for this tendency is, in fact, the strictest fidelity to the teaching particularly of Pius IX and Pius X and, still more fundamentally, of Vatican I and its definition of papal primacy. But why only popes up to Pius XII and not beyond? Is perhaps obedience to the Holy See divisible according to years or according to the nearness of a teaching to one's own already-established convictions?

(The Ratzinger Report, San Francisco: Ignatius, 1985, 28-29, 31)

Once again, I and all orthodox Catholics are in line with the Mind of the Church, but a so-called "traditionalism" that has utter disdain for Vatican II is not. It is not even consistent enough to be able to call the authority of Trent to its defense, since the pope said that its authority and that of Vatican II rested on exactly the same basis.

He is so thrilled with liturgical worship (as opposed to his former, anything-goes, a-liturgical, non-denominational Protestant emotional sob-fest) that he takes little thought as to the quality or history of the liturgy he participates in. He is more impressed with that it is as opposed to what it is.

Of course this analysis has a limited application. It applies only to those who came from that sector of Protestantism. Plenty of Protestants are liturgical. But this is true in some cases, yes.

When somebody once commented to me, around eight years ago, about the sad state of Catholic liturgy today, I glibly told them, "Why not just be humble and happy that you have a liturgy and that you can receive Christ in the Eucharist?"

Now you show that you are reacting in part against your own past errors. You were liturgically nonchalant eight years ago, but not all converts follow your own progression. My own views then were exactly the same as they are now: very liturgically traditional but not in the same way that many professed "traditionalists" are, since I prefer the Novus Ordo Latin Mass. I don't have to run down the Tridentine Mass. I'm delighted that it is permitted now. We have it in my parish. That is the Catholic way: "both/and." We have these liturgical traditions, and many other rites in Eastern Catholicism. I feel no need to set one against the other as superior. In other words, my position is identical to the Holy Father's position on the two forms of the one Mass. I simply respond to attacks that are wrongly conceived. Thus I have defended the Pauline Mass against many "traditionalist" charges that it is anti-traditional or "objectively inferior" and so forth.

I was making several errors in my thought here: 1) I was failing to distinguish between the objective validity of the sacrament itself and the fittingness of the decora that surround that sacrament, and that the latter can actually influence the amount of grace ex opere operantis I can receive through the former. 2) I was failing to distinguish between the offering of the sacrifice of the Mass and the reception of the sacrament at the Mass.

No disagreement here. Vatican II talks about the same things.

3) I had the mistaken minimalist notion that proper Catholic worship (or theology, or whatever) consisted of several essential elements, and that so long as the essentials were present, everything else was just a matter of "taste" (like Gregorian Chant vs. praise & worship).

Is not Gregorian chant a means to foster reverence and worship of God? What else would it be for, if not that? I've been equally blessed and brought into God's presence and the spiritual realm in the Tridentine Mass and also in a charismatic mass with more contemporary music. True worship comes from the heart. This is the interior disposition that perhaps is part of what you refer to in #2, and that is stressed in Vatican II. One can worship God as wholeheartedly and receive the Blessed Sacrament with as much piety and humility at one sort of Mass as they can at the other, since the key is always one's internal state of heart and soul.

In my own parish, we're as traditional as they come, but once a year we have a bagpipe band come in. They march right down the aisle and play Amazing Grace (a Protestant song). That is as moving to me (especially as a Scottish-American!) as any Gregorian Chant or Mozart liturgical music (that we do perform at our Masses) that I've ever heard. If we as Catholics can't marvel at God's grace as much as the Protestants do, then there is something wrong with us. But it is an objectively great song and one that no Catholic should disparage. This was not part of the Mass, by the way, but right before the Mass. But many "traditionalists" would, no doubt, condemn it.

I'm sure there are some more errors in this line of thought that some of you could pick out, but I think that suffices for now. I know this was the case for me, and I can only imagine that this frequently happens with other converts (or reverts) from Protestantism. We tend to stay in a convert mentality for a long time. We can spend years rejoicing that we have found our home before we look around and decide it is in need of cleaning. Coming into the Church can be a matter of only a few months, but working Protestantism out of the system can take decades.

Not if one is properly formed in the faith from the outset. That's where catechesis and apologetics can play a key role. I've devoted my life to such education. On the Coming Home Network forum where I am the moderator we are helping new converts every day learn to think with the Church. I see that you are doing the same thing as a DRE. This is how you and I and others who teach in the Church can prevent having Protestant debris for decades. It doesn't have to be so. But if you war against the pope's teachings, as you did above concerning Vatican II and the Pauline Mass, you are hardly teaching new Catholics to think like Catholics. You're teaching them to think like Protestants or Catholic liberals.

Is it wrong to suggest that the Church needs cleaning? Absolutely not; St. Augustine himself says that the Church is always in need to purification and reform. It is no help to our individual holiness or to that of the Church Universal to deny that it is so.

I agree; anyone who denies this is a dumbbell and knows little of either Church history or the current situation. But we would disagree as to how common such an attitude is (at least among those who know their faith, not the nominalistic types).

What is so offensive to many, however, is the suggestion that the reform is needed to counteract certain tendencies that originate from within the Church itself.

This is where the proposed solutions greatly diverge. Liberalism came from within the Church insofar as it took hold among many prominent Catholic theologians and spread to the schools and seminaries. Fr. Hardon used to say that the "revolution" began around 1940. But I disagree that any part of the cause is located in an ecumenical council or the teaching of popes. It comes from liberal dissidents and the negative influence of the surrounding increasingly secularized and amoral or immoral culture.

This is where the convert mentality breaks down. He has just spent months, maybe years, discovering the impassible, infallible, one, holy, catholic and apostolic Bride of Christ, so much so that he has left his Protestant tradition as wholly as Abraham leaving Ur. And how can he, in this mindset, see that the Church has some very serious problems originating from the acts of the very hierarchy and papacy that he has just learned how to defend to his Protestant friends and family? I'm not saying it cannot happen, but that in these circumstances it becomes less likely that a new convert will be inclined to see things from a traditionalist angle. That is what this dynamic is all about: what is more or less likely based on how a person comes to the Church.

The convert can understand that there is a liberal crisis in the Church. I understood this even before I came in because I understood that the same problem exists in Protestantism, to an even greater degree. But to locate the problem in the recent popes or Vatican II is the very thing that is under dispute. I don't see that the convert has to come to that realization, because I reject it in the first place. This is not a denial of reality; it is truly how we see the situation. We think that "traditionalists" are dead wrong in this respect. It is one of their most serious errors.

While the convert to Catholicism tends to react to Traditional things with a manner of indifference (or, at best, curiosity), the cradle Catholic who comes in contact with Tradition tends to respond with feelings of having been cheated or short-changed; Disinherited would be a better word. He is able to respond to these things this way because he has never had to come into Catholicism through the door viewing the liturgy or the sacraments as complete novelties. Therefore, instead of asking, "How is this worship different than Protestant worship?" he is in a sense freer to examine the more practical dimension of the matter: "How does is this worship more or less conducive to faith?" He can view the sacraments and the liturgy in a more holistic way, with sacraments, form, matter, vestments, music, architecture and all rolled up into one experience, because this experiential totality is Catholicism for him. For the new convert, it is perpetually a contrast to his previous experience with a focus on the essentials to the exclusion of what are errantly deemed irrelevant trivialities ("Who cares what type of music is being played? You get to receive Jesus!")

I think there is much insight in this paragraph and a lot of food for thought. But again, I would differ insofar as I disagree with the common "traditionalist" analysis of causes of the modernist crisis and solutions to them. I can accept the above but disagree on the implications of it and in what direction to go, once one realizes these things.

But as time goes by and the convert begins to feel at home within the Catholic Church, and continues to study and grow in prayer, he begins to come into the birthright that he obtained through baptism, and it is then that as liturgy becomes the pulse of life, he can begin to see the forest and not just the individual trees within it. This is why many converts become conservatives (no converts from Protestantism become liberal Catholics: that category is made up exclusively of poorly formed cradle Catholics). These conservatives then begin to gravitate towards Traditionalism as they feel more at home in the Church and begin to see themselves no longer as converts but as regular Catholics, especially if they are sensitive to the disorders within the Church and begin to ponder why the Church is in such a dire state.

If they read or listen to only the "traditionalist" version of the causes of the crisis, then obviously they will go in that direction, since we are what we eat. You appear to have done this yourself, since you stated in your November 2007 article:

The real turning point was when I really got to know fellow-blogger Anselm earlier in 2007. He had already trod this path (in his case from charismatic to Traditionalist) and helped to give formula and words to the inexpressible dissatisfaction I had in my heart with the way things currently were. We spent much time together, . . .

But as you surely know, the "traditionalist" movement is very diverse, with wild-eyed schismatic radicals and sedevacantists or nutty anti-popes on one end of the spectrum and folks like me at the other, who are orthodox, believe all that the Church teaches, and prefer liturgical tradition (though Pauline and not Tridentine). That's the problem: people tend to go in one direction, rather than read both sides.

I always want people to use their minds and see what both sides of a major dispute have to say, rather than read one. So I think dialogues or exchanges such as this have great value. If someone reads this and rejects everything I say, down to the last detail, I'm still happy because I am delighted that at least they heard some other position besides "traditionalism". It's the same with any belief-system. The anti-Catholics only read their own leaders. Liberal Catholics tend to read only liberals and to look down their nose at orthodox Catholics, etc.

While many Catholics remain NO conservatives their entire lives, I think conservatism in the Church, philosophically speaking, is a kind of halfway house. The conservative position is to the Catholic Church what Anglicanism is to Christianity as a whole: a stop-over point where people can rest momentarily before delving further into where their beliefs will logically lead them.

This is one major false premise that is a huge discussion in and of itself. I am in no halfway house. I am in the One True Church. If the Holy Father says that the Pauline Mass is every bit as legitimate as the Tridentine, what "traditionalist" can deign to know better than he? We have a papacy because we're not Protestants; we're Catholics. He is our guide. He has the special charism from God, to teach the faithful. We can trust him.

If the Tridentine Mass is the only possible way to go, what becomes of the other 21 or so rites of the Church? Are they all inferior too? Will you visit each rite and issue a report card, grading them on how reverent they are, and then let us all know, so that we can follow your wisdom? At some point the hubris and utter presumption of "traditionalism," routinely second-guessing pope and Church alike, is patently obvious. You guys always seem to think that you know better than the Holy Father. If you can't even accept Benedict XVI's teaching on the Mass and continuing place of the Pauline Mass (since he is generally highly regarded by "traditionalists"), then almost certainly you'll dissent from any other pope. The problem resides in the mindset itself.

Now you want to compare us with Anglicans, for heaven's sake: people who reject the papacy altogether, and large portions of which (American Episcopalians) accept sodomite "priests" and who chose to separate from the Catholic Church because of one man's lust, pride, and lust for power? This is a sort of grotesque, surreal version of Cardinal Newman's analogy: what he said in his Apologia, with regard to Anglicans, Monophysites, and Catholics and their relative positions. In so doing, ironically, you demonstrate what your own logic leads you to, and it is an absurdity (which is a shame because much of this essay was, I thought, quite balanced and moderate in tone -- in the best sense of that word).

And so, that brings us back to Tradition. The roads by which we get here and becomes Traditionalists are many and varied:

I am already "in" Tradition. I have never been out of it since becoming a Catholic in early 1991. I reject the common equation of "traditionalists" as the sole possessors of the entire Catholic Tradition, and the notion that any non-"traditionalist" is somehow essentially deficient in their Catholicism (even though it may be granted that we are "orthodox"), which is why I almost always put the word in quotes. I firmly reject the implications of that. It's a falsehood.

Protestantism, conservative Catholicism, charismatic Catholicism. While we ought never to be calling into question the orthodoxy or fidelity of people just because they used to be something else, we still ought not to be afraid to acknowledge that we did all in fact get here by different doors, and that those doors color what we see once we arrive.

. . . Just as the common "traditionalist" motifs color how you guys see things. You have your profound biases just like every other group, and there is plenty in your ranks to disagree with.

All in all, though, there was much in this essay (as far as it went) that I could agree with. Mainly I profoundly disagree with the conclusions near the end, which exhibit some of the fundamental errors of "traditionalism" quite clearly, in my opinion. And I strongly disagree with the anti-Vatican II and anti-Novus Ordo positions, that I documented from places other than this current post. These are not in line with the Mind of the Church, which comes from the magisterium, not individual "traditionalists" who can't even agree with each other, let alone offer a position more authoritative and spiritually wise and prudent than the Holy Father himself.

Jesus' Human Nature, The Immaculate Conception of Mary, the Virgin Birth, and Original Sin: Reflections on Their Relationship to Each Other




From a dialogue on the CHNI forum. The probing questions of one participant (a convert to the Catholic faith) will be in blue.

* * * * *

As far as I know, it was not absolutely necessary for Mary to be sinless. If we speak strictly in terms of "necessity" (i.e., that it couldn't have been otherwise), then many things fall under the category of non-necessity: even the cross and the incarnation. God could have provided salvation for the human race in any number of conceivable ways. He could simply forgive a person upon their sincere repentance, etc.

I wrote about this very issue in one of my papers: Was Mary's Immaculate Conception Absolutely Necessary?

That said, Catholics believe that her sinlessness is extremely fitting and proper, by God's design, on the principle that the closer we get to God, the more holiness is present. That's how it will be in heaven, when God finally takes all sins away. Mary is a foreshadowing of the sinlessness that is to come for all who are saved (just as her Assumption was the "firstfruits" of the resurrection that Jesus made possible for all men), and she hearkens back to Adam and Eve before the Fall (hence her title of "Second Eve" from the fathers).

The Immaculate Conception is a return to the state of things for all human beings before the fall and rebellion against God by the human race. She is what God intended all human beings to be, if we would have simply cooperated and obeyed. So what better person to be freed from sin, than the Mother of God the Son, who bears God in her own womb?

That's altogether fitting, plausible, and believable. But it was not necessary in the nature of things.

As usual, the Church comes down in the sensible middle, between the extremes of a sinful Mary on the one hand and a necessarily immaculate Mary on the other. "Appropriate and fitting" is how the Church sees it.

* * *

In a sense Jesus was temporarily captive of Satan during His Passion. But God chooses what He will submit Himself to. It makes perfect sense that Mary was sinless. I'm not doubting that at all. It is a dogma of the faith. I was simply saying that it could have been done otherwise (it was not intrinsically necessary). God put Himself in contact with sin by deciding to take on flesh and become a Man.

I have a question about this. If Mary had not been saved through her immaculate conception, would she not, of necessity, communicated her sinful nature to Christ? Am I flawed in my reasoning here?

Jesus, being God, is impeccable: it is not possible for Him to have sinned. Therefore, He could not have been subject to transmission of original sin, even if Mary had not been immaculate.

Nor can God contradict Himself. God couldn't have rebelled against Himself. Therefore, Jesus could not have received original sin, which means a participation in the rebellion against God.

Everything you have written makes sense, I understand that of course the path God chose was most fitting, and I also understand that as God, Jesus could not sin. But what I am trying to get straightened out in my mind (because I have an ongoing discussion with Protastants about the role of Mary, and I don't want to present flawed reasoning) is : If all people are subject to original sin through the transmission of our human nature, and Jesus received His human nature from Mary at the moment of His conception, then Mary must have been without original sin at the time of His conception. Does that follow? Or, am I making too much of a distinction between His taking on human nature, and His receiving it from the Blessed Virgin?

I think what I really want to ask is: How do we know that Mary communicated her human nature to Jesus, as opposed to Him taking human nature and using her womb as a host (so to speak)? To me it seems obvious, she was his mother, therefore she communicated her nature as every other mother does, in addition, the Holy Spirit waited for her agreement before overshadowing her, indicating that this was a cooperation on her part. I am at a loss to show the necessity of Mary's cooperation, and therefore the neccesity of her sinlessness. I hope that makes it more clear.

Did Mary give her DNA to Jesus, or did he make his own, and then implant in her womb? Did she contribute a zygote? Or do we know? has the Church ever speculated in any concrete way about this? The reason the Immaculate Conception does work is that Jesus applied His own atonement to Mary's soul at her conception, so it was not a simple matter of making a pure body out of a contaminated body. However, Jesus could not have done that for Himself - if His sinlessness was contingent on His sacrifice on the Cross, then that sacrifice would not have been sufficient since He would need that sacrifice to be made sinless,

It's not contingent upon the cross, because of His impeccability: being God He has always existed and has doe so without sin or even the possibility of sin. God doesn't need to be saved, and to say that He saved Himself is nonsensical.

but He could (and did) apply that atonement to Mary's soul at the moment of conception which left her free to choose grace and communicate her own sinless nature to Him without relying on his own sacrifice to atone for himself.

Yes (setting aside the hypotheticals for a moment) everything of that nature came from Him in the first place. Thus, St. Anselm wrote in his classic, Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man):

    Anselm: Moreover, the virgin, from whom that man was taken of whom we are speaking, was of the number of those who were cleansed from their sins before his birth, and he was born of her in her purity.

    Boso: What you say would satisfy me, were it not that he ought to be pure of himself, whereas he appears to have his purity from his mother and not from himself.

    Anselm: Not so. But as the mother's purity, which he partakes, was only derived from him, he also was pure by and of himself.


The only other option I see is that He created His own human nature, and merely took up residence in Mary's womb, and I just don't buy that either. So, the question is: did Mary give Jesus His human nature, or not?

In pondering your question further, I believe I may have hit upon an answer:

Insofar as original sin is transmitted by DNA, ultimately indirectly, in the sense that the union of sperm and egg creates another person, and all persons are subject to original sin, this difficulty is overcome in Jesus, not by Mary's Immaculate Conception, but by the Virgin Birth.

Mary's egg (ovum), that she contributed to the process of the birth of Jesus; from which He did indeed receive her DNA, was not yet a person, since it is an egg, which is necessary to personhood as an immediate precursor, but not identical with it. If Jesus had been born of Joseph and Mary, then it would have been a non-miraculous process, and original sin would have (arguably) only been avoided by Joseph being immaculately conceived (having had original sin removed) and sinless, just as Mary was.

As it was, Joseph is taken out of the equation, since Mary became pregnant miraculously by means of the Holy Spirit.

Therefore, if Mary's egg was not subject to original sin, since it was not a person, and only persons are subjected to that, and the Holy Spirit has no original sin (being God), then original sin would not have been transmitted to Jesus, by straightforward deduction from all of the above.

Conclusion: Mary's Immaculate Conception was not, strictly speaking, necessary for Jesus to be born sinless, without original sin, yet with human DNA and a human nature, whereas the Virgin Birth seems necessary in order to avoid "corruption" from physical human descent. There is such a thing as a human nature without sin and original sin, just as Adam and Eve possessed before the fall.

And this line of argument should be agreed to by any Protestant who denies neither original sin nor the Virgin Birth, since these are usually held by Protestants as well. It's a "general" argument that doesn't depend on prior Catholic dogma (the Immaculate Conception).

Dave, the question that your argument leaves me with is: If Mary had not been Immaculate, would Jesus have been able to receive His human nature from her?

Yes. My above reasoning accounts for this. This is one reason why we can say that the Immaculate Conception was not absolutely necessary in order to preserve Jesus from sin. It was extremely fitting and appropriate: Mary being the "ark of the New Covenant." Therefore God chose to do it that way. It makes perfect sense. And the Church in her Spirit-guided wisdom (after many centuries of pious reflection) has decided that this is a belief that all Catholics must hold.

But as for Jesus receiving His human nature (or, human qualities deriving from DNA: Jesus may very well have looked like Mary, just as any son might look like his mother) from Mary independently of whether she was immaculate and without original sin herself, that is "solved" by the miracle of the Virgin Birth.

Friday, September 25, 2009

The Catholic Church's Teaching on Reproductive Technologies (David W. Emery)

This is a guest post from my fellow moderator over at CHNI, David W. Emery:

Just as contraception is a negation of the fecundity of marriage, so also is IVF [In Vitro Fertilization]. It assumes that God did not mean what he said in Genesis: “So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them” (1:27), “Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh” (2:24) and “Now Adam knew Eve his wife, and she conceived and bore Cain, saying, “I have gotten a man with the help of the LORD” (4:1).

The Vatican document Dignitas Personae (DP), issued in 2008, gives us the meaning of these passages: “The body of a human being, from the very first stages of its existence, can never be reduced merely to a group of cells.… ‘Thus the fruit of human generation, from the first moment of its existence, that is to say, from the moment the zygote has formed, demands the unconditional respect that is morally due to the human being in his bodily and spiritual totality. The human being is to be respected and treated as a person from the moment of conception; and therefore from that same moment his rights as a person must be recognized, among which in the first place is the inviolable right of every innocent human being to life’…” (DP 4).

If human life begins at conception, and that life is the image of God, it stands to reason that human marriage, spoken of in Genesis as the fountain of human life, has the specific role of producing, honoring and nurturing that life (DP 6). Why is this so? “It is the Church’s conviction that what is human is not only received and respected by faith, but is also purified, elevated and perfected. God, after having created man in his image and likeness (cf. Gen 1:26), described his creature as “very good” (Gen 1:31), so as to be assumed later in the Son (cf. Jn 1:14). In the mystery of the Incarnation, the Son of God confirmed the dignity of the body and soul which constitute the human being. Christ did not disdain human bodiliness, but instead fully disclosed its meaning and value: ‘In reality, it is only in the mystery of the incarnate Word that the mystery of man truly becomes clear’” (DP 7). If we then relegate the matter of human conception to a laboratory dish, is this not reducing human existence to “a group of cells” and disregarding its divine destiny?

Another consequence of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) technology (to enlarge on what David S. states above) is the erosion of marriage. Instead of being a divine sacrament, it becomes merely a vehicle of selfishness and lust — divisive instead of unitive. It becomes therefore self-defeating in the same way that it does through contraception. Divorce statistics are only part of the story. We need to view the ultimate rejection of marriage in the phenomena of cohabitation and casual sex as the more obvious consequence.

Sections 14 through 16 of Dignitas Personae treat specifically of what is wrong with IVF. The following sections 17 through 23 give a summary of bioethical problems which are the direct consequence of IVF, such as the freezing of embryos. The remainder of the document touches on other techniques which are the direct outgrowth of IVF: gene therapy, cloning, stem cell harvesting, hybridization, etc. The document is worth reading in its entirety.

* * * * *

Related reading:

Resources Explaining the Catholic Church's Moral Opposition to In-Vitro Fertilization and Artificial Insemination

Antidote to John Calvin's Institutes (IV,14:1-9) [Sacraments: Definitions and the Fathers / Ignorant Catholics? / Baptismal Regeneration]

[Baptism.jpg]


See the introduction and links to all installments at the top of my John Calvin, Calvinism, and General Protestantism web page; also the online version of the Institutes. Calvin's words will be in blue throughout. All biblical citations (in my portions) will be from RSV unless otherwise noted.

* * * * *

Book IV

CHAPTER 14

OF THE SACRAMENTS.

1. Of the sacraments in general. A sacrament defined.

Akin to the preaching of the gospel, we have another help to our faith in the sacraments, in regard to which, it greatly concerns us that some sure doctrine should be delivered, informing us both of the end for which they were instituted, and of their present use. First, we must attend to what a sacrament is. It seems to me, then, a simple and appropriate definition to say, that it is an external sign, by which the Lord seals on our consciences his promises of good-will toward us, in order to sustain the weakness of our faith, and we in our turn testify our piety towards him, both before himself, and before angels as well as men.

Sacraments are signs, but not only signs, with no further effect. Calvin has retained half of the traditional Christian definition and discarded the other equally important aspect (and a half-truth is little better than an untruth). He wants to make this an abstract and non-"transactional" process. But on what basis does he do so? As so often, Calvin's rationale seems utterly arbitrary. Where is the precedent? Who else thought this way?

He can and probably will bring in St. Augustine, but if so, he will likely ignore the "realist" aspect of St. Augustine's sacramentalism. St. Augustine refers to the "signs" aspect without denying the realism. He accepted all seven Catholic sacraments. Calvin reduces these to two, and redefines even those, so that there is no longer any regeneration in baptism, nor Real, Substantial Presence of Christ in the Holy Eucharist (things that even Luther retained).

We may also define more briefly by calling it a testimony of the divine favour toward us, confirmed by an external sign, with a corresponding attestation of our faith towards Him.

More abstractions and purely subjective characteristics . . . Calvin takes out the heart of the sacraments: the fact that they convey grace in order to bring about sanctification of the recipient. Hence, St. Thomas Aquinas wrote:

. . . a sacrament properly speaking is that which is ordained to signify our sanctification. In which three things may be considered; viz. the very cause of our sanctification, which is Christ's passion; the form of our sanctification, which is grace and the virtues; and the ultimate end of our sanctification, which is eternal life. And all these are signified by the sacraments. Consequently a sacrament is a sign that is both a reminder of the past, i.e. the passion of Christ; and an indication of that which is effected in us by Christ's passion, i.e. grace; and a prognostic, that is, a foretelling of future glory. . . .

Since a sacrament signifies that which sanctifies, it must needs signify the effect, which is implied in the sanctifying cause as such.

(Summa Theologica, III, 60, 3)
Catholic theologian Ludwig Ott further explains:

The Sacraments are neither purely natural signs . . . nor purely artificial or conventional signs, as according to their inner composition, they are appropriate for vividly depicting inward grace. They are not merely speculative or theoretical signs, but efficacious or practical signs, as they not only indicate the inner sanctification, but also effect it . . .

The Reformers, by reason of their doctrine of justification, see in the sacraments pledges of the Divine Promise of the forgiveness of sins by means of the awakening and strengthening of fiducial faith, which alone justifies. Thus, the sacraments are not means whereby grace is conferred, but means whereby faith and its consequences are stirred into action. . . . Thus the Sacraments have only a psychological and symbolic significance. The Council of Trent rejected this teaching as a heresy.

(Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma, translated by Patrick Lynch, edited by James Canon Bastible, 4th edition, Rockford, IL: TAN Books, 1974 [first published in German in 1952], 326-327)

You may make your choice of these definitions, which in meaning differ not from that of Augustine, which defines a sacrament to be a visible sign of a sacred thing, or a visible form of an invisible grace, but does not contain a better or surer explanation.

As predicted (I am replying as I read in this whole series), St. Augustine is brought in as a supposed witness for Calvin's heresies. But he certainly thought (vastly unlike Calvin) that the Holy Eucharist was the actual Body and Blood of Christ, to be adored, and that it effected grace and salvation:

He took flesh from the flesh of Mary . . . and gave us the same flesh to be eaten unto salvation . . . we do sin by not adoring.

(Explanations of the Psalms, 98, 9)

Not only is no one forbidden to take as food the Blood of this Sacrifice, rather, all who wish to possess life are exhorted to drink thereof.

(Questions of the Hepateuch, 3, 57)


St. Augustine, in direct opposition to Calvin, held that baptism conferred regeneration:


. . . the churches of Christ hold inherently that without baptism and participation at the table of the Lord it is impossible for any man to attain either to the kingdom of God or to salvation and life eternal? This is the witness of Scripture too.

(Forgiveness and the Just Deserts of Sin, and the Baptism of Infants 1:24:34 [A.D. 412])

The sacrament of baptism is most assuredly the sacrament of regeneration.

(Ibid., 2:27:43)

Baptism washes away all, absolutely all, our sins, whether of deed, word, or thought, whether sins original or added, whether knowingly or unknowingly contracted.

(Against Two Letters of the Pelagians 3:3:5 [A.D. 420])

As its brevity makes it somewhat obscure, and thereby misleads the more illiterate, I wished to remove all doubt, and make the definition fuller by stating it at greater length.

Great! And we shall provide a Catholic answer to whatever errors Calvin produces in so doing.

2. Meaning of the word sacrament.

The reason why the ancients used the term in this sense is not obscure. The old interpreter, whenever he wished to render the Greek term μυστήριον into Latin, especially when it was used with reference to divine things, used the word sacramentum. Thus, in Ephesians, “Having made known unto us the mystery (sacramentum) of his will;” and again, “If ye have heard of the dispensation of the grace of God, which is given me to you-wards, how that by revelation he made known unto me the mystery” (sacramentum) (Eph. 1:9; 3:2). In the Colossians, “Even the mystery which hath been hid from ages and from generations, but is now made manifest to his saints, to whom God would make known what is the riches of the glory of this mystery” (sacramentum) (Col. 1:26). Also in the First Epistle to Timothy, “Without controversy, great is the mystery (sacramentum) of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh” (1 Tim. 3:16). He was unwilling to use the word arcanum (secret), lest the word should seem beneath the magnitude of the thing meant. When the thing, therefore, was sacred and secret, he used the term sacramentum. In this sense it frequently occurs in ecclesiastical writers. And it is well known, that what the Latins call sacramenta, the Greeks call μυστήρια (mysteries). The sameness of meaning removes all dispute. Hence it is that the term was applied to those signs which gave an august representation of things spiritual and sublime. This is also observed by Augustine, “It were tedious to discourse of the variety of signs; those which relate to divine things are called sacraments” (August. Ep. 5. ad Marcell.).

This is only one aspect of the meaning. Calvin ignores (i.e., discards) the other. but if he is going to claim to simply be following patristic tradition, he can't possibly do that and not misrepresent what they taught. He wants to do his excessively rationalistic "either/or" false dichotomy thing, but the fathers and the Church take the "both/and" approach.

3. Definition explained. Why God seals his promises to us by sacraments.

From the definition which we have given, we perceive that there never is a sacrament without an antecedent promise, the sacrament being added as a kind of appendix, with the view of confirming and sealing the promise, and giving a better attestation, or rather, in a manner, confirming it.

That is an apt description of Calvin's sacramentology: the sacrament as an "appendix."

In this way God provides first for our ignorance and sluggishness, and, secondly, for our infirmity; and yet, properly speaking, it does not so much confirm his word as establish us in the faith of it. For the truth of God is in itself sufficiently stable and certain, and cannot receive a better confirmation from any other quarter than from itself. But as our faith is slender and weak, so if it be not propped up on every side, and supported by all kinds of means, it is forthwith shaken and tossed to and fro, wavers, and even falls. And here, indeed, our merciful Lord, with boundless condescension, so accommodates himself to our capacity, that seeing how from our animal nature we are always creeping on the ground, and cleaving to the flesh, having no thought of what is spiritual, and not even forming an idea of it, he declines not by means of these earthly elements to lead us to himself, and even in the flesh to exhibit a mirror of spiritual blessings.

God is also so merciful that He desires to convey graces and spiritual power and aid by means of the sacraments. Calvin guts them of their nature and power by confining his definition to "sign and seal" only.

For, as Chrysostom says (Hom. 60, ad Popul.). “Were we incorporeal, he would give us these things in a naked and incorporeal form. Now because our souls are implanted in bodies, he delivers spiritual things under things visible. Not that the qualities which are set before us in the sacraments are inherent in the nature of the things, but God gives them this signification.”

But the same Chrysostom believed just as St. Augustine did, and thus is no witness to Calvin's entire heretical doctrine:

Further, because he said, “a communion of the Body,” and that which communicates is another thing from that whereof it communicates; even this which seemeth to be but a small difference, he took away. For having said, “a communion of the Body,” he sought again to express something nearer. Wherefore also he added, Ver. 17. “For we, who are many, are one bread, one body.” “For why speak I of communion?” saith he, “we are that self-same body.” For what is the bread? The Body of Christ. And what do they become who partake of it? The Body of Christ: not many bodies, but one body. For as the bread consisting of many grains is made one, so that the grains no where appear; they exist indeed, but their difference is not seen by reason of their conjunction; so are we conjoined both with each other and with Christ: there not being one body for thee, and another for thy neighbor to be nourished by, but the very same for all. Wherefore also he adds, “For we all partake of the one bread.” . . . For he gave not simply even His own body; but because the former nature of the flesh which was framed out of earth, had first become deadened by sin and destitute of life; He brought in, as one may say, another sort of dough and leaven, His own flesh, by nature indeed the same, but free from sin and full of life; and gave to all to partake thereof, that being nourished by this and laying aside the old dead material, we might be blended together unto that which is living and eternal, by means of this table.

(Homily XXIV on First Corinthians, 4; NPNF 1, Vol. XII)

[N]o one can enter into the kingdom of heaven except he be regenerated through water and the Spirit, and he who does not eat the flesh of the Lord and drink his blood is excluded from eternal life, and if all these things are accomplished only by means of those holy hands, I mean the hands of the priest, how will any one, without these, be able to escape the fire of hell, or to win those crowns which are reserved for the victorious? These [priests] truly are they who are entrusted with the pangs of spiritual travail and the birth which comes through baptism: by their means we put on Christ, and are buried with the Son of God, and become members of that blessed head . . .

(The Priesthood 3:5–6 [A.D. 387])
4. The word which ought to accompany the element, that the sacrament may be complete.

This is commonly expressed by saying that a sacrament consists of the word and the external sign. By the word we ought to understand not one which, muttered without meaning and without faith, by its sound merely, as by a magical incantation, has the effect of consecrating the element, but one which, preached, makes us understand what the visible sign means.

The Calvinist (and general Protestant) tendency is always toward preaching as the focus, rather than the mystery and miracle and efficacious nature of the sacraments as rites designed to empower Christians to counter the world, the flesh, and the devil.

The thing, therefore, which was frequently done, under the tyranny of the Pope, was not free from great profanation of the mystery, for they deemed it sufficient if the priest muttered the formula of consecration, while the people, without understanding, looked stupidly on.

Note the denigration of what had always been central in Christian worship from the beginning. Calvin feels content to caricature the Mass as a priest dumbly muttering the "formula" (no doubt, in his mind, a dead one), with equally dumb, stupefied laymen helplessly watching. One could go on and on about the utter arrogance of this mentality, constantly exhibited by Calvin in the Institutes, but I trust that it is so obvious that we need not dwell on it too much.

Nay, this was done for the express purpose of preventing any instruction from thereby reaching the people: for all was said in Latin to illiterate hearers.

Any Catholic who knew anything at all about the Mass knew what was happening. That was one of the reasons for the "smells and bells" that are so despised. Protestant critics of Catholicism can't have it both ways: they can't condemn the Mass for supposedly keeping the people in ignorance and then turn around and condemn the very indications in the Mass (such as bells) that are precisely designed to help people know what is taking place. There are all kinds of signs and indications in the Mass of what is taking place, even if it was all in Latin.

Surely, Catholics were no more ignorant or impious or wicked than, for example, Lutherans, according to the descriptions of Luther himself (far more open and frank than Calvin ever was):

Who would have wanted to begin preaching, had we known beforehand that so much disaster, riotousness, scandal, sacrilege, ingratitude, and wickedness were to follow. But now . . . we have to pay for it.

(Johannes Janssen, History of the German People From the Close of the Middle Ages, 16 volumes, translated by A.M. Christie, St. Louis: B. Herder, 1910 [orig. 1891], XVI, 13; from EA, vol. 50, 74; in 1538. "EA" = Erlangen Ausgabe edition of Luther's Works [Werke] in German, 1868, 67 volumes)

Worse still than avarice, whoring and immorality, which had the upper hand everywhere nowadays, was the general contempt of the gospel.

(Janssen, ibid., XVI, 16; EN, IV, 6; in 1532. "EN" = Enders, L., Dr. Martin Luther's Correspondence, Frankfurt, 1862)

Now that . . . we are free . . . we show our thankfulness in a way calculated to bring down God's wrath . . . We have got the Evangel . . . but . . . we do not trouble ourselves to act up to it.

(Janssen, ibid., XVI, 16-17)

I have well nigh given up all hope for Germany, for . . . the whole host of dishonesty, wickedness, and roguery are reigning everywhere . . . and added to all else contempt of the Word and ingratitude.

(Janssen, ibid., XVI, 19; LL, V, 398, 407; letter to Anton Lauterbach, November, 1541. "LL" = Luther's Letters [German], edited by M. De Wette, Berlin: 1828)

Those who ought to be good Christians because they have heard the gospel, are harder and more merciless than before . . . Tell me, where is there a town . . . pious enough to . . . maintain one schoolmaster or pastor? . . . Thanks also to the dear Evangel, the people have become . . . abominally wicked . . . diabolically cruel . . . growing fat . . . through plunder and robbery of Church goods . . . Ought we not to be thoroughly ashamed of ourselves?

(Janssen, ibid., XV, 466-467)

I fear . . . that we are a greater offence to God than the papists.

(Janssen, ibid., XV, 467)

I've also documented elsewhere (see section V), Luther's successor Philip Melanchthon, and fellow "reformer" Martin Bucer expressing the same sort of disgust at Protestant moral laxity and impiety. So there was and is plenty of this to go around, but alas, in the Institutes we only hear about how ignorant, stupid, and impious Catholics are. To tell the fuller truth and to dirty his hands with accounts of the rampant sin and other problems in his own camp would go contrary to Calvin's purpose, and so he conveniently omits such unsavory considerations. Catholic readers tire of this, as it is a constant hypocrisy and double standard in anti-Catholic polemics.

Superstition afterwards was carried to such a height, that the consecration was thought not to be duly performed except in a low grumble, which few could hear.

At least there still was a consecration, that actually made something happen.

Very different is the doctrine of Augustine concerning the sacramental word. “Let the word be added to the element, and it will become a sacrament. For whence can there be so much virtue in water as to touch the body and cleanse the heart, unless by the agency of the word, and this not because it is said, but because it is believed? For even in the word the transient sound is one thing, the permanent power another. This is the word of faith which we preach says the Apostle” (Rom. 10:8).

Again, Calvin concentrates only on that which he wants to see and emphasize in Augustine, ignoring all that which goes contrary to his teaching (and surely he was aware of those, so this is more cynically deliberate omission).

Hence, in the Acts of the Apostles, we have the expression, “Purify their hearts by faith” (Acts 15:9). And the Apostle Peter says, “The like figure whereunto even baptism doth now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience)” (1 Pet. 3:21). “This is the word of faith which we preach: by which word doubtless baptism also, in order that it may be able to cleanse, is consecrated” (August. Hom. in Joann. 13). You see how he requires preaching to the production of faith. And we need not labour to prove this, since there is not the least room for doubt as to what Christ did, and commanded us to do, as to what the apostles followed, and a purer Church observed.

Preaching is fine, but Calvin passes over the baptismal regeneration that 1 Peter 3:21 (along with several other similar biblical passages) plainly teaches, as well as the same motif in Augustine. He sees what he wants to see (and assumes that his readers will do the same, guided by his sure hand). This is also an extremely common trait in anti-Catholic apologetics to this day.

Nay, it is known that, from the very beginning of the world, whenever God offered any sign to the holy Patriarchs, it was inseparably attached to doctrine, without which our senses would gaze bewildered on an unmeaning object. Therefore, when we hear mention made of the sacramental word, let us understand the promise which, proclaimed aloud by the minister, leads the people by the hand to that to which the sign tends and directs us.

And also, let us understand that baptism and the Holy Eucharist regenerate, empower believers for sanctification, and save.

5. Error of those who attempt to separate the word, or promise of God, from the element.

Nor are those to be listened to who oppose this view with a more subtle than solid dilemma. They argue thus: We either know that the word of God which precedes the sacrament is the true will of God, or we do not know it. If we know it, we learn nothing new from the sacrament which succeeds. If we do not know it, we cannot learn it from the sacrament, whose whole efficacy depends on the word. Our brief reply is: The seals which are affixed to diplomas, and other public deeds, are nothing considered in themselves, and would be affixed to no purpose if nothing was written on the parchment, and yet this does not prevent them from sealing and confirming when they are appended to writings. It cannot be alleged that this comparison is a recent fiction of our own, since Paul himself used it, terming circumcision a seal (Rom. 4:11), where he expressly maintains that the circumcision of Abraham was not for justification, but was an attestation to the covenant, by the faith of which he had been previously justified.

The same Paul repeatedly taught baptismal regeneration:

Romans 6:3-4 (KJV) Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death? [4] Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life.

Galatians 3:26-27 For ye are all the children of God by faith in Christ Jesus. [27] For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ.

Ephesians 5:26 That he might sanctify and cleanse it with the washing of water by the word,

Colossians 2:12 Buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead.

Titus 3:5 Not by works of righteousness which we have done, but according to his mercy he saved us, by the washing of regeneration, and renewing of the Holy Ghost;

The same Paul gave the following account of what was said when he himself was baptized. He did not disagree with it at all (therefore, he obviously agreed that baptism washed away sins; i.e., regenerated):

Acts 22:16 And now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord.

And how, pray, can any one be greatly offended when we teach that the promise is sealed by the sacrament, since it is plain, from the promises themselves, that one promise confirms another? The clearer any evidence is, the fitter is it to support our faith. But sacraments bring with them the clearest promises, and, when compared with the word, have this peculiarity, that they represent promises to the life, as if painted in a picture.

They also bring about that life, as Holy Scripture plainly attests.

Nor ought we to be moved by an objection founded on the distinction between sacraments and the seals of documents—viz. that since both consist of the carnal elements of this world, the former cannot be sufficient or adequate to seal the promises of God, which are spiritual and eternal, though the latter may be employed to seal the edicts of princes concerning fleeting and fading things. But the believer, when the sacraments are presented to his eye, does not stop short at the carnal spectacle, but by the steps of analogy which I have indicated, rises with pious consideration to the sublime mysteries which lie hidden in the sacraments.

And the believer does not neglect the most important aspect of sacraments: that they literally convey grace to the recipient.

6. Why sacraments are called Signs of the Covenant.

As the Lord calls his promises covenants (Gen. 6:18; 9:9; 17:2), and sacraments signs of the covenants, so something similar may be inferred from human covenants. What could the slaughter of a hog effect, unless words were interposed or rather preceded? Swine are often killed without any interior or occult mystery. What could be gained by pledging the right hand, since hands are not unfrequently joined in giving battle? But when words have preceded, then by such symbols of covenant sanction is given to laws, though previously conceived, digested, and enacted by words. Sacraments, therefore, are exercises which confirm our faith in the word of God; and because we are carnal, they are exhibited under carnal objects, that thus they may train us in accommodation to our sluggish capacity, just as nurses lead children by the hand. And hence Augustine calls a sacrament a visible word (August. in Joann. Hom. 89), because it represents the promises of God as in a picture, and places them in our view in a graphic bodily form (August. cont. Faust. Lib. 19). We might refer to other similitudes, by which sacraments are more plainly designated, as when they are called the pillars of our faith. For just as a building stands and leans on its foundation, and yet is rendered more stable when supported by pillars, so faith leans on the word of God as its proper foundation, and yet when sacraments are added leans more firmly, as if resting on pillars. Or we may call them mirrors, in which we may contemplate the riches of the grace which God bestows upon us. For then, as has been said, he manifests himself to us in as far as our dulness can enable us to recognise him, and testifies his love and kindness to us more expressly than by word.

More of the same largely true but incomplete treatment already critiqued . . .

7. They are such signs, though the wicked should receive them, but are signs of grace only to believers.

It is irrational to contend that sacraments are not manifestations of divine grace toward us, because they are held forth to the ungodly also, who, however, so far from experiencing God to be more propitious to them, only incur greater condemnation. By the same reasoning, the gospel will be no manifestation of the grace of God, because it is spurned by many who hear it; nor will Christ himself be a manifestation of grace, because of the many by whom he was seen and known, very few received him. Something similar may be seen in public enactments. A great part of the body of the people deride and evade the authenticating seal, though they know it was employed by their sovereign to confirm his will; others trample it under foot, as a matter by no means appertaining to them; while others even execrate it: so that, seeing the condition of the two things to be alike, the appropriateness of the comparison which I made above ought to be more readily allowed. It is certain, therefore, that the Lord offers us his mercy, and a pledge of his grace, both in his sacred word and in the sacraments;

He offers more than a pledge in the sacraments. He offers grace itself.

but it is not apprehended save by those who receive the word and sacraments with firm faith: in like manner as Christ, though offered and held forth for salvation to all, is not, however, acknowledged and received by all.

Catholics agree that the sacraments have to be received worthily; with right disposition, or else they lose much of their good effect. This is obviously true of the sacrament of reconciliation (confession), and particularly also of the Holy Eucharist.

Augustine, when intending to intimate this, said that the efficacy of the word is produced in the sacrament, not because it is spoken, but because it is believed. Hence Paul, addressing believers, includes communion with Christ, in the sacraments, as when he says, “As many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ” (Gal. 3:27).

I produced the same verse above Calvin is assuming that the believers put on Christ first, then were baptized as a seal. But this makes no sense with regard to infant baptism, which Calvin himself accepts. If a baby can't exercise faith first before baptism, why baptize him or her? Therefore, it makes more sense in the overall picture, to believe, rather, that baptism confers regeneration, not that regeneration proceeds in other ways, and that baptism follows as sign and seal. Besides, Paul clearly taught baptism elsewhere (especially in Acts 22:16 and Titus 3:5), so we know that he believed that, so that wherever faith comes into play it doesn't cancel out the regeneration conferred by baptism.

If Calvin can't accept the plain words of perspicuous Scripture in order to derive his doctrine, perhaps he should start rewriting it? Acts 22:16 could then read something like the following:

Acts 22:16 (RCV: Revised Calvin Version) And now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and receive the sign and seal of the fact that God already washed away thy sins, calling on the name of the Lord.

Again, “For by one Spirit we are all baptized into one body” (1 Cor. 12:13).

To become a member of the Body of Christ, one has to be born again, or regenerated.

But when he speaks of a preposterous use of the sacraments, he attributes nothing more to them than to frigid, empty figures; thereby intimating, that however the ungodly and hypocrites may, by their perverseness, either suppress, or obscure, or impede the effect of divine grace in the sacraments, that does not prevent them, where and whenever God is so pleased, from giving a true evidence of communion with Christ, or prevent them from exhibiting, and the Spirit of God from performing, the very thing which they promise. We conclude, therefore, that the sacraments are truly termed evidences of divine grace, and, as it were, seals of the good-will which he entertains toward us. They, by sealing it to us, sustain, nourish, confirm, and increase our faith. The objections usually urged against this view are frivolous and weak. They say that our faith, if it is good, cannot be made better; for there is no faith save that which leans unshakingly, firmly, and undividedly, on the mercy of God. It had been better for the objectors to pray, with the apostles, “Lord, increase our faith” (Luke 17:5), than confidently to maintain a perfection of faith which none of the sons of men ever attained, none ever shall attain, in this life. Let them explain what kind of faith his was who said, “Lord, I believe; help thou mine unbelief” (Mark 9:24). That faith, though only commenced, was good, and might, by the removal of the unbelief, be made better. But there is no better argument to refute them than their own consciousness. For if they confess themselves sinners (this, whether they will or not, they cannot deny), then they must of necessity impute this very quality to the imperfection of their faith.

At least Calvin agrees that some practical help comes of sacraments, by saying that it increases faith. We must be thankful for any bright spots in the midst of the serious error.

8. Objections to this view answered.

But Philip, they say, replied to the eunuch who asked to be baptized, “If thou believest with all thine heart thou mayest” (Acts 8:37). What room is there for a confirmation of baptism when faith fills the whole heart? I, in my turn, ask them, Do they not feel that a good part of their heart is void of faith—do they not perceive new additions to it every day? There was one who boasted that he grew old while learning. Thrice miserable, then, are we Christians if we grow old without making progress, we whose faith ought to advance through every period of life until it grow up into a perfect man (Eph. 4:13). In this passage, therefore, to believe with the whole heart, is not to believe Christ perfectly, but only to embrace him sincerely with heart and soul; not to be filled with him, but with ardent affection to hunger and thirst, and sigh after him. It is usual in Scripture to say that a thing is done with the whole heart, when it is done sincerely and cordially. Of this description are the following passages:—“With my whole heart have I sought thee” (Ps. 119:10); “I will confess unto thee with my whole heart,” &c. In like manner, when the fraudulent and deceitful are rebuked, it is said “with flattering lips, and with a double heart, do they speak” (Ps. 12:2). The objectors next add—“If faith is increased by means of the sacraments, the Holy Spirit is given in vain, seeing it is his office to begin, sustain, and consummate our faith.”

Calvin again acknowledges a practical benefit of a sacrament, but his overall doctrine of justification mitigates against baptismal regeneration. He is more consistent than Luther, because Luther's soteriology is in tension to some extent, with his sacramentology.

I admit, indeed, that faith is the proper and entire work of the Holy Spirit, enlightened by whom we recognise God and the treasures of his grace, and without whose illumination our mind is so blind that it can see nothing, so stupid that it has no relish for spiritual things. But for the one Divine blessing which they proclaim we count three. For, first, the Lord teaches and trains us by his word; next, he confirms us by his sacraments; lastly, he illumines our mind by the light of his Holy Spirit, and opens up an entrance into our hearts for his word and sacraments, which would otherwise only strike our ears, and fall upon our sight, but by no means affect us inwardly.

As far as it goes, this is true, but ultimately incomplete.

9. No secret virtue in the sacraments. Their whole efficacy depends on the inward operation of the Spirit.

Wherefore, with regard to the increase and confirmation of faith, I would remind the reader (though I think I have already expressed it in unambiguous terms), that in assigning this office to the sacraments, it is not as if I thought that there is a kind of secret efficacy perpetually inherent in them, by which they can of themselves promote or strengthen faith, but because our Lord has instituted them for the express purpose of helping to establish and increase our faith.

This seems like a distinction without a difference. Calvin is probably has in mind the Catholic doctrine of ex opere operato, which he rejects.

The sacraments duly perform their office only when accompanied by the Spirit, the internal Master, whose energy alone penetrates the heart, stirs up the affections, and procures access for the sacraments into our souls. If he is wanting, the sacraments can avail us no more than the sun shining on the eyeballs of the blind, or sounds uttered in the ears of the deaf.

But again, this makes no sense in the case of infant baptism. The infant receives benefits wholly apart from the Holy Spirit, since the Spirit comes precisely by virtue of the baptism. Calvin will probably say that others who represent the child (parents) have the faith, but it still remains true that the infant receives the benefit apart from his or her understanding of anything that is occurring.

Wherefore, in distributing between the Spirit and the sacraments, I ascribe the whole energy to him, and leave only a ministry to them; this ministry, without the agency of the Spirit, is empty and frivolous, but when he acts within, and exerts his power, it is replete with energy.

As a generality, this is true. All sacraments possess the power that they do because God wills it.

It is now clear in what way, according to this view, a pious mind is confirmed in faith by means of the sacraments—viz. in the same way in which the light of the sun is seen by the eye, and the sound of the voice heard by the ear; the former of which would not be at all affected by the light unless it had a pupil on which the light might fall; nor the latter reached by any sound, however loud, were it not naturally adapted for hearing. But if it is true, as has been explained, that in the eye it is the power of vision which enables it to see the light, and in the ear the power of hearing which enables it to perceive the voice, and that in our hearts it is the work of the Holy Spirit to commence, maintain, cherish, and establish faith, then it follows, both that the sacraments do not avail one iota without the energy of the Holy Spirit; and that yet in hearts previously taught by that preceptor, there is nothing to prevent the sacraments from strengthening and increasing faith. There is only this difference, that the faculty of seeing and hearing is naturally implanted in the eye and ear; whereas, Christ acts in our minds above the measure of nature by special grace.

Calvin approaches the whole truth of Catholic sacramentalism in his mention at the end of "special grace." Catholics rejoice in any similarities that can be found, while rejecting errors and novelties that depart from Scripture and traditional precedent.